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Authors: Greg Campbell

Blood Diamonds

BOOK: Blood Diamonds
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Table of Contents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Praise for
Blood Diamonds

Blood Diamonds
by Greg Campbell is first-rate journalistic sleuthing, tracing the violence-soaked webs that link the legitimate diamond trade, shady dealers, rebels without a conscience, and organizations such as Hizbollah and al-Qaeda.”
—
New Internationalist
 
“Campbell punctures the myth that West Africa's descent into hell flows solely from the hands of its warlords and juvenile killers. He locates the sources in London, Amsterdam, and New York, as well as in Freetown and Monrovia. In so doing, he makes the reader fully aware of West Africa's dead-last nations, their hellholes and hecatombs. He also insures that the news from that part of the world will never read quite the same.”
—
Commonweal
 
“In
Blood Diamonds
, a work of impeccable reportage and meticulous research, veteran journalist Greg Campbell argues that Sierra Leone's diamonds have inflicted terrible suffering on the region and are now financing global terror.”
—
World and I
 
“The book reads at times like surreal fiction, and Campbell's skill with language comes through in this gruesome, real-life story. He sets the scene masterfully in the diamond region of eastern Sierra Leone and graphically describes the bizarre, horrific methods of intimidation of the population by the Revolutionary United Front.”
—
The Post and Courier
For My Parents
GLOSSARY
AFRC
The Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, a splinter-group of the Sierra Leone Army that staged a coup in 1997 and aligned with the RUF.
De Beers Group
The largest diamond mining and selling company in the world. Before it was purchased by insiders in 2001, De Beers Group was composed of two entities: De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. and De Beers Centenary AG.
DTC
Diamond Trading Company, the London-based marketing arm of De Beers, which sells about 65 percent of the world production of rough diamonds.
ECOMOG
The ECOWAS Cease-Fire Monitoring Group, ECOWAS's military arm.
ECOWAS
The Economic Community of West African States, a regional group of fifteen countries.
EO
Executive Outcomes, a South African private military company, dissolved in 1999.
Kamajor
A warrior sect of the Mende tribe, characterized by animist beliefs and superstition.
LURD
Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, a rebel group composed of an amalgamation of dissident factions fighting to topple the government of Charles Taylor.
MLPA
The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, an Angolan political party representing the majority government.
MSF
Médecins Sans Frontières, a nongovernmental organization that provides medical care to refugees and war victims.
NPFL
The National Patriotic Front of Liberia, the Liberian rebel group led by Charles Taylor, currently the president of Liberia; the NPFL overthrew the government of Samuel K. Doe in 1990.
RUF
The Revolutionary United Front, led by Foday Sankoh, is a Sierra Leone rebel group formed in 1991; trained in Libya with leaders of the NPFL, the two rebel groups have close ties.
RUFP
The Revolutionary United Front Party, the RUF's political arm.
SLA
Sierra Leone Army.
UNAMSIL
The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone.
UNHCR
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
UNICEF
United Nations Children's Fund.
UNITA
The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, an Angolan rebel group formed in the early 1990s.
O my mountain in the field,
I will give thy substance and all thy treasures to the spoil,
and thy high places for sin,
throughout all thy borders.
 
JEREMIAH17:1
CYMBELINE:That diamond upon your finger, say
How came it yours?
IACHIMO:Thou'lt torture me to leave unspoken that
Which to be spoke would torture thee.
 
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,
Cymbeline
PROLOGUE
Impact: The Price of Diamonds
Médecins Sans Frontières Camp for Amputees and
War Wounded, Freetown, Sierra Leone, Summer 2001
 
 
 
 
I
SMAEL DALRAMY lost his hands in 1996 with two quick blows of an ax. He didn't—or couldn't—recall the pain of the blows. But he remembered being ordered at gunpoint to place his wrists on a wooden stump dripping with the blood of his neighbors who were writhing on the ground around him trying to stem the flow of blood from their arms or staggering away.
Dalramy does recall that it was quick and methodical—the victim in line in front of him was swiftly kicked away and suddenly he faced a bloody wooden block and an impatient gang of heavily armed teens eager to be done with their day's orders. He didn't fight his captors or beg for mercy. Instead, he removed a crude metal ring made by his son from one of the fingers on his left hand
and put it in his pocket, one of the last acts his hands performed for him.
Until that morning, when the rebels of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) attacked the town with rockets and rifles, speeding through the streets in pickup trucks whose cab roofs had been sawed off to convert them into roofless killing vehicles, it had been easy to think that there would be plenty of time to escape if the need arose. The humid jungle village of Koidu, where Dalramy's family had lived for generations, is an epicenter of raw diamond production in eastern Sierra Leone. In the months leading up to the day that Dalramy's hands were amputated by the RUF, Koidu had been increasingly surrounded by rebel forces who crept through the jungle's dense mesh of palm trees and banana bushes. RUF bandits would enter the town sporadically to steal food and supplies and menace its inhabitants, but an all-out assault seemed unlikely. Though you would never know by looking at it—Koidu is like many bush villages in Sierra Leone, composed of brown shacks and red-dirt streets—the area around the village had long been fiercely coveted in the war that has torn apart this West African nation since 1991. Ever since British geologists first discovered diamonds in Sierra Leone's jungles in the 1930s, miners had been extracting some of the most valuable diamond wealth in the world from small muddy pits scattered throughout the surrounding rain forest. These small chunks and bits of milky-white carbon crystals are transformed into precious jewelry displayed on the hands, wrists, necks, and ears of people around the world, many of whom have probably never heard of Sierra Leone. During the RUF war, people like Dalramy paid for this distant luxury with their own hands.
BOOK: Blood Diamonds
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