Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency (116 page)

339 In Southeast Asia alone: NSA,
audiotape in the agency's Cryptologic Museum.

339  "monstrous":
interview with Lieutenant General Marshall S. Carter (July 17-18, 1980).

340  "you couldn't tell
whether": ibid.

340 "termite level":
letter, Carter to William D. Pawley (May 19, 1997), Carter Papers, George C.
Marshall Library, Lexington, Ky., Box 59, Folder 3.

340 "I am not winning":
Letter, Carter to McCone (January 13, 1969), Carter Papers, George C. Marshall
Library, Lexington, Ky, Box 37, Folder 8.

340  the sixth NSA director: NSA,
"Vice Admiral Noel Gayler, USN, Becomes Agency's New Director,"
NS4N
(August 1969), p. 2; Navy biography.

341  "At the end of World War
II": Department of the Army, Major Commanders' Annual Report to
Headquarters of the Army, Command Presentation, United States Army Security
Agency (October 7, 1971), p. 19.

341 "declaration of
war": interview with Richard P. Floyd, former chief, Procurement Support
Division, Office of Procurement, NSA (January 19, 1981).

341  "The strategy
paper": ibid.

342  "He wasn't a
ballplayer": ibid.

342 Lieutenant General Samuel C.
Phillips: NSA, "General Samuel Phillips Receives Thomas D. White Space
Trophy,"
NSAN
(September 1972), pp. 4-5.

342  "It came on thirty
seconds after the missile's launch": interview with John Arnold (July
2000).

343  "They dumped":
ibid.

343 Guardrail: The system is
scheduled to be replaced by forty-five new intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance planes by 2006 under a new program codenamed Common Sensor.
Defense
News On-Line
(March 1, 1999).

343  "From A-4 you could see
the middle": interview with a former intercept operator (February 2000).

344  Earlier in March: Col. G. H.
Turley, USMC,
The Easter Offensive.- The Last American Advisors, Vietnam
1972
(Annapolis,  Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1985), p. 43.

345  "Shortly after daylight
the NVA": ibid., pp. 49-50.

345  refused to believe: ibid., p.
viii.

346  "The hut would burn for
a couple of days": information from a former A-4 intercept operator.

346 Samuel Phillips left NSA:
Phillips died of cancer at his home in Palos Verdes Estates in California at
the age of sixty-eight on January 31, 1990.

346  Lew Allen, Jr.: NSA,
"Lieutenant General Lew Allen, Jr., USAF, Named Director,"
NSAN
(August
1973), p. 2; Air Force biography.

347  "Have just received word
to evacuate": NSA, Secret/Comint Channels Only message (1310Z April 28,
1975).

347  "I took the last
fixed-wing aircraft": NSA, videotape interview with Ralph Adams. Decades
later, Adams would rise to become executive director of NSA, the agency's
number three position.

348  "THEY CANNOT
get":
NSA, Secret/Comout/Fastcast
message (1211Z April 29, 1975).

348 "I saw the ambassador
briefly": Frank Snepp,
Decent Interval-An Insider's Account of Saigon's
Indecent End Told by the CIA's Chief Strategy Analyst in Vietnam
(New York:
Vintage, 1978), p. 553.

348  "Goddamnit,
GrahamI": ibid., p. 489.

349   "NO AMBASSADOR":
NSA, Secret Comout/Fastcast message (1213Z April 29,1975). 349 "THE
AMBASSADOR WILL NOT": NSA, Secret Comout/Fastcast message (1628Z

April 29, 1975).

349 
"a
PRESIDENTIAL MSG": NSA, Secret Comout/Fastcast
message (1907Z April 30, 1975).

350  "LADY ACE 09 ... IS
NOT": NSA, Secret Comout/Fastcast message (2043Z April 30, 1975).

350 "LADY ACE 09 IS ON THE
ROOF": NSA, Secret Comout/Fastcast message (2051Z

April 30, 1975). 350 "THERE
HAS BEEN AN SA-7 LAUNCH": NSA, Secret Comout/Fastcast message

(2052Z April 30, 1975). 350
"President Ford has directed": Snepp,
Decent Interval,
p. 559.

350 
"lady ace
09 is
tiger
tiger tiger":
NSA, Secret Comout/Fastcast message (2058Z April 30,
1975).

351 
"there are
200
americans
left":
NSA, Secret Comout/Fastcast message (2109Z April 30, 1975).

351 
"numerous fire fights"
...
"out repeat out":
NSA, Secret Comout/Fastcast
message (2142Z-2318Z April 30, 1975).

352  "Delicate political
moves": This and the following are quoted from NSA, Gary Bright, "Don
W 600" (undated), pp. 1-5.

Page

354 "I have been around long
enough": "Ann Caracristi Accepts,"
Colloquy
(Twentieth
Anniversary Issue, 1999), p. 24.

354  Within days: Details of
Caracristi's background are from NSA, Secret/Comint Channels   Only,   oral  
history  of   Ann   Caracristi   (July   16,   1982);   "Ann
Caracristi," 1999 Annual Awards Testimonial Dinner Program, Security
Affairs Support Association (May 27, 1999), p. 5.

355  "NSA opened its
doors": NSA, Tom Johnson, "The Plan to Save NSA" (undated), p.
6.

355  One CIA official called:
ibid.

356  "Monetary
considerations": Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the
Government, Top Secret/Comint Channels Only/U.S. Eyes Only report, Task Force
on Intelligence Activities (Hoover Commission) (May 1955), Appendix, p. 3.

356 "to bring the best":
ibid.

356 "potentially our
best": The President's Board of  Consultants on Foreign Intelligence 
Activities,   Top  Secret  letter,   Killian  to  the  president   (December
20, 1956), p. 7 (DDEL, Ann Whitman File, Administrative Series, Box 13).

356 "that the Director":
Office of Defense Mobilization, memorandum (July 6, 1955), "Hoover
Commission Report" (DDEL, Office of Staff Secretary, Box 13).

356 above $500 million: The
President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities, Top Secret
letter, Killian to the president (December 20, 1956), p. 7 (DDEL, Ann Whitman
File, Administrative Series, Box 13).

356 more than half; Killian said;
"Intelligence is approaching a $l-billion-a-year operation": White
House, Top Secret memorandum, "Memorandum of Conference with the
President, January 17, 1957," p. 1 (DDEL, Ann Whitman File, Box 21).

356 "Because of our having
been": ibid.

356 "was numb at the
rate": White House, Top Secret/Eyes Only memorandum, "Discussions at
the Special Meeting in the President's Office, January 17, 1957," p. 4
(DDEL, White House Office, Box 7).

356  "It would be extremely
valuable": ibid.

357  "In our judgment":
The President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities, Top
Secret letter, Killian to the president (December 20, 1956), p. 8 (DDEL, Ann
Whitman File, Administrative Series, Box 13).

357 "An essential step":
ibid.

357 Baker ... was appointed: CIA,
Top Secret memorandum, Dulles to National

Security Council (April 25, 1957)
(DDEL, Office of Staff Secretary, Box 7).

The Baker Committee was officially
known as the President's Ad Hoc Task

Force for Application of
Communications Analysis for National Security and

International Security.

357  Baker recommended that NSA
have complete dominance: These recommendations were translated into a new Top
Secret charter for NSA, the National Security Council Intelligence Directive
(NSCID) No. 6, dated September 15, 1958. This replaced NSA's original charter,
NSCID No. 9, dated July 1, 1948: NSC, Top Secret/Comint Channels Only, Special
Limited Distribution, "National Security Council Intelligence Directive
No. 6: Communications Intelligence and Electronics Intelligence"
(September 15, 1958), pp. 1—11 (DDEL, Post-Presidential Papers, Box 2).

358  "I finally did produce a
report": interview with Richard M. Bissell, Jr. (November 30, 1984).

358  "I could never tell how
close": interview with a former director of Central Intelligence.

359  "When they went
bust": interview with a former NSA official.

360  "One good intercept is
worth $5 million": This quotation and Gerson's remarks are drawn from N.
C. Gerson, "Sigint in Space,"
La Physique au Canada
(November-December
1998), pp. 353-58.

360 "This has great promise
for monitoring": White House, Top Secret, Memorandum of Conference with
the President (February 10, 1959) (DDEL, White House Office, Office of Staff
Secretary, Intelligence, Box 15).

361 Users are warned:
Material
Safety Data Sheet
(October 1990).

363 the West Virginia State
legislature: State of West Virginia, Radio Astronomy Zoning Act, House Bill No.
2 (August 9, 1956).

363 30,000 tons of steel: U.S.
House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Military Construction
Appropriations, Hearings for 1962, Part 1, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 242—45.
It should be noted that records of the sanitized hearings contain no references
to the intelligence mission of Sugar Grove.

363  "almost beyond":
The description of the calculations' complexity is in U.S. House of
Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Military Construction
Appropriations, Hearings for  1961, Part  1, 86th Cong.,  1st Sess., pp.
568-71.

364  At a Howard Johnson's: Philip
J, Klass and Joseph C. Anselmo, "NRO Lifts Veil on First Sigint
Mission,"
Aviation Week & Space Technology
(June 22, 1998).

364  "The wife and two
children were asleep": Mayo's account is from an NSA audio interview with
Reid Mayo, NSA Cryptologic Museum.

365  "Piggy-back  
Satellites   Hailed":   Charles  Corddry,   "Piggy-back  Satellites
Hailed as Big Space Gain for U.S.,"
Washington Post
(June 23,
1960).

365  Details of the GRAB satellite
are from Naval Research Laboratory, "GRAB: Galactic Radiation and
Background" (1998), pp. 1-10.

366  "With Eisenhower's
concern": Ivan Amato,
All Things Considered,
National Public Radio
(June 18, 1998).

368  "The satellites would
pick up the signals": interview with former NSA official.

369  "They were huge
umbrellas": ibid.

371 "They came back with
very, very poor quality": Arnold's comments and details of Operation Ivy
Bells and the USS
Halibut
are from my interview with John Arnold (July
2000).

374  It had been a long ride: for
Inman's early life, see Robert Sam Anson, "Requiem for the Smartest
Spy,"
Esquire,
April 1994, pp. 84—86.

375  Inman and James Guerin: See
Alan Friedman,
Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House
Illegally Armed Iraq
(New York: Bantam Books, 1993), pp. 56—67; Elaine
Sciolino,  "Change at the Pentagon: Man in the News—Bobby Ray Inman, An
Operator for the Pentagon,"
New York Times
(December 17, 1993).

375  "I was an analyst for
thirty-three months": Harvard University, Center for Information Policy
Research, Program  on Information  Resources  Policy, "Seminar on Command,
Control, Communications, and Intelligence" (1980), p. 141.

376  "The idea of going back
to be director"; Inman's Comments: NSA, Top Secret/Talent/Keyhole/Umbra,
Admiral Bobby Ray Inman oral history (June 18, 1997), p. 1.

377  "Few could understand
this": Thomas E. Ricks and Michael K. Frisby, "Herd Instinct: How
Inman Could Go from Superstar to 'Bizarre' in Such a Short Time,"
Wall
Street Journal,
January 21, 1994.

378 "You have my vote"-.
Barton Gellman, "Critical Spotlight Stings Behind-the-

Scenes Man,"
Washington
Post,
January 19, 1994. 378 "simply one of the smartest": quoted
in ibid. 378 "a superstar": ibid. 378 "Inman's reviews":
Howard Kurtz, "Inman Statements Surprise Some Former

Confidants in Media,"
^Washington
Post,
January 21, 1994. 378 "I have over the years": Gellman,
"Critical Spotlight." 378 "He certainly knew how to play the
game": Kurtz, "Inman Statements."

378  "the single biggest
leaker": ibid.

379  "Inman was in control of
unequaled information": Suzanne Garment, "Of Secrecy and Paranoia:
What Is Inman's Real Story?"
Los Angeles Times,
January 23, 1994.

379 "There were certain
rules": Robert Sam Anson, "The Smartest Spy,"
Omni
(n.d.),
pp. 248, 250.

379 Edward J. Derwinski: Linda
Greenhouse, "A Nominee's Withdrawal; Inman and The New York Times: An
Examination of the Accusations of Bias,"
New York Times,
January
19, 1994. See also Robert Boettcher with Gordon L. Friedman,
Gifts of
Deceit: Sun Myung Moon, Tongsun Park, and the Korean Scandal
(New York:
Holt, Rinehart
&
Winston, 1980), pp. 263-66. The
New York Times
article
on Derwinski can be found in the paper's October 27, 1977, issue.