Bombshell (37 page)

35
Al Masa'a
Egyptian Newspaper, January 2, 2004, translated by MEMRI,
www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1057.htm
.

36
abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128515&page=1

37
Sara Helm, “The Human Time Bomb. What Motivates a Suicide Bombing?”
Sunday Times Magazine
, January 6, 2002, p. 54.

38
Al Masaa
(Egypt), January 2, 2004, cited by MEMRI
www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP65804#_edn1

39
Ahlam Al Tamimi interview, Shimon Dotan, HaSharon prison, 2006;
Hot House
, Alma Films, Meimad Barkai production.

40
Pierre Conesa, “The Suicide Terrorists,”
Le Monde Diplomatique
, June 2, 2004.

41
“Just Married and Determined to Die,”
BBC
, October 13, 2008.

42
Robert Fisk, “What Drives a Bomber to Kill an Innocent Child?”
The Independent
, August 11, 2001.

43
Interview with Shimon Dotan 2006;
Hot House
, Alma Films, Meimad Barkai production.

44
Ariel Merari, Jonathan Fighel, Boaz Ganor, Ephraim Lavie, Yohanan Tzoreff, and Arie Livne, “Making Palestinian ‘Martyrdom Operations' ‘Suicide Attacks': Interviews with Would-Be Perpetrators and Organizers,”
Terrorism and Political Violence
, 22: 1, December 2009, pp. 102–19.

45
Ibid.

46
Matthew Gutman, “Who Is a Target? 9/11 One Year Later,”
Jerusalem Post
supplement,
http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/911_OneYearLater/story_03.html

47
Laura Blumenfeld, “In Israel, A Divisive Struggle Over Targeted Killings,”
Washington Post
, August 27, 2006, p. A1.

48
International Middle East Media Center, “Assassination as Official Israeli Policy,” November 22, 2008,
www.imemc.org/article/57755

49
Joshua Hammer, “This Land Is My Land: How Arafat and Sharon Have Debased the Very Societies They Claim to Serve,”
Washington Monthly
, September 2004.

50
Laura Blumenfeld, op. cit.

51
Pierre Conesa, op. cit.

52
Judith Miller, “The Bomb Under the Abaya,”
Policy Review
, Hoover Institution, June–July 2007.

53
Khaled Mish'al, speech, Gaza, Al Aqsa satellite television channel (in Arabic), June 25, 2009.

54
Interview with Shimon Dotan 2006;
Hot House
, Alma Films, Meimad Barkai production.

55
Judith Miller, op. cit.

56
Al Quds
, April 7, 2008, quoted by PMW
www.pmw.org.il/Bulletins_july2008.html

57
www.tau.ac.il/jcss/haaretz021206.html

58
Tim McGirk, “Palestinian Moms Become Martyrs,”
Time
, May 3, 2007.

59
Frimet Roth, “The Once and Future Child Murderer,”
The Jerusalem Post
, July 21, 2008.

60
www.metimes.com/2K2/issue2002–4/women/fadlallah_condones_female.htm
(accessed November 14, 2003)

61
Ariel Merari et al, op. cit.

62
Judith Miller, op. cit.

63
Other accounts place responsibility with the Nabil Masoud Unit of the Al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades.

64
Judith Miller, op. cit.

65
Manuela Dviri, “I Wanted to Kill 20, 50 Jews. Yes, even Babies,”
Daily Telegraph
, June 25, 2005,
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1492836/My-dream-was-to-be-a-suicidebomber.-I-wanted-to-kill-20-50-Jews.-Yes-even-babies.html

66
Muhammed Doura was killed at the beginning of the Al ‘Aqsa Intifada and became a symbol for the resistance. Recent investigations have questioned whether Doura was killed by the Israelis or accidentally shot by Palestinian police in a crossfire, but the powerful images captured on French TV have become synonymous with the Second Intifada.

67
Intervue avec la Mère de Wafa Al Bas
(in French), February 20, 2006, You Tube,
www.youtube.com/user/Tazda

68
Tim McGirk, op. cit.

69
Barbara Victor,
Army of Roses
, op. cit. p.126.

70
Ibid.

71
Ibid, pp. 129–33.

72
Interview with Shimon Dotan 2006;
Hot House
, Alma Films, Meimad Barkai production.

73
Interview with Barbara Victor cited by Frimet Roth in “The Once and Future Child Murderer,”
The Jerusalem Post
, July 21, 2008.

74
Yoram Schweizter,
Dying for Equality
, JCSS Study, 2006, p. 9.

75
Judith Miller, op. cit.

76
International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC), “Palestinian Women Subjected to Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Detention,” June 21, 2002,
www.iglhrc.org/cgi-bin/iowa/article/takeaction/globalactionalerts/623.html

77
NGO Alternative Report in Response to the List of Issues and Questions With Regard to the Consideration of Periodic Reports (CEDAW/PSWG/2005/II/CRP.1/Add.7). Israel's Implementation of the U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT). May 2005, p. 5.

5  The Future Bombers

1
“Homage to the Black Tigers: A Review of
Sooriya Puthalvargal 2003 Memorial Souvenir
” by Sachi Sri Kantha (Tamil Nation), cited in Tisaranee Gunasekara, “The Inimitable Tiger,”
Asian
Tribune
, April 30, 2006,
www.asiantribune.com/news/2006/04/30/inimitable-tiger-0

2
Mia Bloom, “Mother. Sister. Daughter. Bomber,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist
, 2005.

3
“Lady with the Poison Flowers,”
Outlook
, India, August 29, 2005.

4
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/340717.stm
and
members.tripod.com/~sosl/gandhi.html
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5122032.stm

5
Allissa Stack O'Connor, “Lions, Tigers and Freedom Birds: How and Why the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Employs Women,”
Terrorism and Political Violence
, vol. 19, Issue 1, March 2007, pp. 43–63.

6
For a full account see Mia Bloom,
Dying to Kill
, op. cit
.
, chapter 3.

7
Interview with the author, personal correspondence, June 2005.

8
David Little, “Religion and Ethnicity,” in Robert I. Rotberg,
Creating Peace in Sri Lanka: Civil War and Reconciliation
, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999, p. 45.

9
Stanley J. Tambiah,
Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy
, Delhi, India: Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 78.

10
Ibid, pp. 66–68.

11
Kumari Jayawardena,
Ethnic and Class Conflicts in Sri Lanka
, Madras, India: Kaanthalakam, 1987, p. 14.

12
Passed in 1956 by a margin of 56 to 29. Bandaranaike was assassinated three years later in 1959 by a nationalist dressed as a Buddhist monk, and succeeded by his wife, Sirimavo; Kingsley M. de Silva,
Reaping the Whirlwind
, London: Penguin Books, 1996, p. 58 passim.

13
Neil DeVotta, “Ethno Linguistic Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka,” in Michael Brown and Sumit Ganguly (eds.),
Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia
, Belfer Center for Science and Information, JFK School of Government, Cambridge, MA: MIT University Press, 2003, p. 115.

14
David Little, “Religion and Ethnicity,” in Robert I. Rotberg,
Creating Peace in Sri Lanka: Civil War and Reconciliation
, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999, p. 48.

15
Kingsley M. de Silva,
Managing Ethnic Tensions in Multi Ethnic Societies
, Lanham, MA: University Press of America, 1986, p. 228.

16
Rohan Gunaratna,
Sri Lanka: A Lost Revolution, The Inside Story of the JVP
, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Sri Lanka, 1990, pp. 92–105; see also Tambiah, op. cit., p. 13.

17
Kingsley M. de Silva (ed.),
Conflict and Violence in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
, Kandy, Sri Lanka: International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 2000, pp. 381–82.

18
Different sources place the formation date of the LTTE between 1972 and 1978. Edgar O'Ballance,
The Cyanide War: Tamil Insurrection in Sri Lanka 1973–88
, London: Brassey's, 1989, pp. 12–17.

19
Bruce Hoffman,
Inside Terrorism
, New York: Columbia University Press, 2006, p. 139.

20
Tambiah, op. cit., pp. 42–43.

21
http://blog.amnestyusa.org/iar/sri-lanka-end-impunity-forhuman-rights-violations/
see also,
blog.amnestyusa.org/asia/lessons-learnt-or-not-in-sri-lanka

22
The assassination of the SFLP mayor of Jaffna, Alfred Durayappah, by future LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran occurred on July 27, 1975. “This act gave him terrorist standing and prestige, making him the unquestionable leader of his group, and enabled him to formalize the TNT into the broader LTTE.” Edgar O'Ballance,
The Cyanide War
, op. cit., p. 13. The Tamil Tigers also claimed responsibility for at least eleven assassinations in 1978, including that of a member of the TULF who had defected to the UNP, as well as a number of policemen.

23
Little in Rotberg, op. cit., p. 51, and Neelan Tiruchelvam in
Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi Ethnic States
, Yash Ghai, (ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 200.

24
Anita Pratap,
Island of Blood: Frontline Reports from Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Other South Asian Flashpoints
, New York: Putnam Press, 2001, pp. 76–77.

25
H.P. Chattopadhyaya,
Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil–Sinhalese Race Relations
, New Delhi: MD Publications, 1994, p. 68.

26
Tamil sources estimated 2000 dead and between 80,000 and 100,000 refugees, who abandoned their homes and were placed in “care and welfare” centers; O'Ballance, op. cit., p. 25.

27
Tambiah, op. cit., pp. 15–16.

28
Kingsley M. de Silva (ed.),
Conflict and Violence in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
, Kandy, Sri Lanka: International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 2000, p. 235 passim
.

29
Tambiah, op. cit., p. 27.

30
Elizabeth Nissan, “Some Thoughts on Sinhalese Justifications for the (1983) Violence,” in James Manor, (ed.),
Sri Lanka: In Change and in Crisis
, New York, 1984, pp. 176–177, cited in Little, op. cit., p. 51.

31
Chris Smith, “South Asia's Enduring War,” in Rotberg, op. cit., p. 17.

32
Interview with the author, Colombo, Sri Lanka, October 28, 2002.

33
H.P. Chattopadhyaya,
Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil–Sinhalese Race Relations
, New Delhi, India: MD Publications, 1994, pp. 36, 40 passim
.
Chris Smith alleges the connection was between the People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE) and Al Fatah; Rotberg, op. cit
.
, p. 32.

34
The LTTE rebuffed several offers from Al Qaeda to share their suicide bombing technology. In interviews with the author they explained, “We did not want to kill Americans.”

35
www.lacnet.org/srilanka/issues/kumari.html#a
(accessed October 24, 2009)

36
The accord was opposed by Sinhalese fundamentalists in the JVP, according to Kingsley M. de Silva (ed.) in
Conflict and Violence in South Asia
, op. cit., p. 197. The theme of JVP propaganda was the alleged “betrayal of the motherland” which the occupation of part of the country by an alien army was seen to represent. Eventually the Tamil separatists likewise opposed the IPKF, leading to its departure in 1990.

37
K.T. Rajasingham,
Sri Lanka: The Untold Story
, chapter 35; “Accord Turns to Discord,”
Asia Times
, n.d.,
www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html

38
Tiruchelvam, op. cit.
, pp. 199–200.

39
Smith in Rotberg, op. cit. p. 20.

40
Rohan Gunaratna,
Sri Lanka: A Lost Revolution, The Inside Story of the JVP
, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Sri Lanka, 1990,
http://nesohr.org/inception-sept2007/human-rights-reports/StatisticsOnCiviliansAffectedByWar.pdf
Chris McDowell,
A Tamil Asylum Diaspora: Sri Lankan Migration, Settlement and Politics in Switzerland (Studies in Forced Migration)
, London: Berghahn Books, 1996, p. 181.

41
Prabhakaran wrote letters dated 12/10/1987, 14/10/1987, and 13/01/1988.

42
“Thamil National Liberation Struggle and National Leader Prabhakaran,” chapter 4,
Indo–Thamil Eelam War
,
nakkeran.com/Thalaivar11.htm

43
Darini Rajasingham-Sananyake, in Robert Rotberg,
Creating Peace in Sri Lanka
, op. cit., p. 62.

44
Charu Lata Joshi, “Sri Lanka Suicide Bombers,”
Far Eastern Economic Review
, June 1, 2000,
www.feer.com/_0006_01/p64currents.html
(accessed November 26, 2003)

45
Little in Rotberg, op. cit.

46
Adele Ann,
Women Fighters of the Liberation Tigers
, Jaffna, Sri Lanka: Thasan Publication Department of the LTTE, January 1, 1993, p. 17.

47
Prabhakaran quote provided by Tamil sources. Personal correspondence, September 2008.

48
Peter Schalk, “On the Sacrificial Ideology of the Liberation Tigers,” 1993.
www.tamilnation.org/ltte/93schalk.htm