Bombshell (35 page)

10
Maximilien Robespierre, “Principes de morale politique,” speech to French National Convention, February 5, 1794,
http://membres.lycos.fr/discours/1794.htm

11
U.S. Department of State, National Counter Terrorism Center,
www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2006/82739.htm

12
Richard B. Jensen, “The United States, International Policing of the War against Anarchist Terrorism,”
Terrorism and Political Violence
13, 1 (Spring 2001), pp. 15–46.

13
Bruce Watson,
Sacco and Vanzetti: The Men, the Murders, and the Judgment of Mankind
, New York: Viking Press, 2007, p. 77.

14
Beverly Gage,
The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror
, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

15
David Rapoport, “Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11,”
Anthropoetics
8, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 2002),
www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/ap0801/terror.htm#b3

16
Ibid.

17
www.almaqdese.net/r1?i=3552&x=x483iubf
. See also Nelly Lahoud,
The Jihadis Path to Self Destruction
, New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.

18
Bloom,
Dying to Kill
, op. cit.

19
Yoni Fighel, “Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Female Suicide Bombers,” October 6, 2003,
http://212.150.54.123/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=499
(accessed July 14, 2008)

20
Sophie Claudet, “More Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers Could Be on the Way: Analysts,”
Middle East Times
, March 1, 2002.

21
Robert Baer,
The Cult of the Suicide bomber
. Documentary Film, New York: Disinformation Studios, 2005.

22
Scott Atran argues that as a result of Akras's martyrdom, Saudi Arabia sent 100 million dollars to fund the Al ‘Aqsa Intifada.

23
Graham Usher, “At 18, Bomber Became Martyr and Murderer,”
The Guardian
, March 30, 2002,
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/mar/30/israel3

24
Cited by Bloom,
Dying to Kill
, op. cit., pp. 3–4

25
Shanthikumar Hettiarachchi, “Tamil Tiger Martyrdon in Sri Lanka:
Faith in Suicide for Nationhood?”
Politics and Religion
, Vol. 2,
www.politicsandreligionjournal.com/images/pdf_files/srpski/godina1_broj2/
Shanthikumar_Hettiarachchi.pdf
.

26
Paul Gill,
Marketing Martyrdom: The Political Psychology of Suicide Bombings
, Forthcoming, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

27
Alisa Stack O'Connor, “Picked Last: Women and Terrorism,”
JFQ
, issue 44, 2007, NDU Press, p. 95.

28
Robin Kirk,
Untold Terror: Violence Against Women in Peru's Armed Conflict
, New York: Human Rights Watch, 2002; Ammu Joseph,
Terror and Counter Terror: Women Speak Out
, London: Zed Books, 2003; Betsy Reed,
Nothing Sacred: Women Respond to Religious Fundamentalism and Terror
, New York, NY: Nation Books, 2002; Anne Cubilie,
Women Witnessing Terror: Testimony and the Cultural Politics of Human Rights
, New York: Fordham University Press, 2005.

29
Interviews with former bombers, Belfast, August 2009.

30
Eileen McDonald,
Shoot the Women First
, New York: Random House, 1992.

2  The Black Widow Bombers

1
Gunmen Release Chilling Video, CNN
http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/10/24/moscow.siege.video/

2
Robert Mackey, “Chechen Rebel Leaders Speaks via Youtube,” April 1, 2010,
http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/01/chechen-rebel-leader-speaks-via-youtube/

3
Margaret Ziolkowski,
Alien Visions: The Chechens and the Navahos in Russian and American Literature
, Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 2005, p. 41.

4
Kerim Fenari, “The Jihad of Imam Shamyl,”
www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/shamyl.htm

5
Moshe Gammer,
Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan
, London: Routledge, 2003.

6
Bülent Gökay, “Russia and Chechnia: A Long History of Conflict,
Resistance and Oppression,”
Alternatives
, vol. 3, no. 2 (Summer 2004).

7
Richard Pipes,
The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism 1917–1923
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 95.

8
Chechnya: A Time Trail,
www.time.com/time/europe/chechnyatrail/chechnyatrail.html

9
Clare Doyle, “The Chechen Russian Conflict: Today and Yesterday,”
Socialism Today
,
www.socialismtoday.org/87/tolstoy.html
.

10
1 AD–1721, A Mountain of Languages, January 1, 2001,
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399566/1-AD-1721-A-mountain-oflanguages.html
.

11
Kerim Fenari, “The Jihad of Imam Shamyl,”
www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/shamyl.htm

12
Jeremy Putley, “Crime Without Punishment: Russian Policy in Chechnya,” Open Democracy News Analysis (
www.opendemocracy.net
), July 27, 2003
www.opendemocracy.net/node/1388/pdf
(p. 2)

13
Ibid.

14
Amnesty International, Chechnya—A Report to the Council of Europe, AI Index: EUR 46/001/2001,
http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR460012001?open&of=ENG-366

15
BBC, “Britons killed ‘by Bin Laden Ally,'” November 18, 2001,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1663278.stm

16
Reports vary about the number of people inside. The theater had sold 711 tickets that night, and members of the cast and crew were also taken hostage, but an exact figure does not exist. Russian sources cite 912 hostages but as many as 979 have been reported. Russian sources are extremely unreliable on many of the details concerning the events at the theater.

17
Adam Dolnik and Keith M. Fitzgerald,
Negotiating Hostage Crises with the New Terrorists
, Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2007, p. 61.

18
Oleg Petrovsky, “The Dagestan Route for Barayev's Terrorists,” Moscow,
www.ulto.ru
(December 11, 2002)

19
One person died in the blast. It was initially assumed to be a Russian
Mafia operation. There is a view that the failure was the result of deliberate sabotage by Chechens who were secretly working with the FSB.

20
Roman Fomishenko, “Moscow. A Vile Blow Against the Innocent,”
Moscow Krasnaya Zvezda
(in Russian), October 25, 2002.

21
John Giduck,
Terror at Beslan: A Russian Tragedy with Lessons for American Schools
, Golden, CO: Archangel Group, 2005, pp. 77–78.

22
Pavel Dulman, “Yanderbiyev Sought in Qatar,”
Moscow Rossikaya Gazeta
(in Russian), November 1, 2002, p. 3.

23
http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/10/24/moscow.siege.video

24
Baku Zerkalo, October 26, 2002, cited in Dolnik and Fitzgerald, op. cit., p. 182.

25
Kazantsev was named in 2000 as the presidential envoy to the Southern Federal District (2000–2004). This is why he should have conducted the negotiations in Dubrovka.

26
“Hostages speak of storming terror,” BBC News, October 26, 2002.

27
The terrorists learned a great deal from their mistakes at Dubrovka, and were better prepared for the later attack on Beslan. Because the authorities used gas to neutralize the gunmen during the Dubrovka operation, the attackers in Beslan came equipped with gas masks, and smashed all the windows after entering the school to improve ventilation.

28
Chemical toxicology tests at the time showed that the drug was one that acted like carfentanyl but did not leave its signature residue. There was only one possible explanation: The Russians had developed a new, undetectable version of carfentanyl, possibly by adding BMU8 to create a powerful knockout gas.

29
Nick Paton Walsh, “Siege Rescue Carnage as Gas Kills Hostages,”
The Guardian
, October 27, 2002,
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/oct/27/chechnya.russia3

30
“Mission Accomplished,”
Moscow Gazeta
, October 30, 2002, pp. 1–6.

31
Movsar B. Suleimov (Barayev), Ruslan Elmurzayev, an Arab
mercenary called “Yassir,” A.N. Baihatov, R. Baihatov, Muslim Adilsultanov, Selikat Aliyeva, Yupayeva, Kurbanova, Tagirov, the Khadjiyeva sisters—Ayman and Koku, Husainov, Zura Bitsiyeva (Barayeva), the Ganiyeva sisters—Khadizhat and Fatima, Aset Gishnurkayeva, Mutayeva, Bairakova, Madina Dugayeva, Tatayev, Shidayev, Arslanbek Abdulsheykhov, S. S. Elmurzayeva, Ahmetov, Bimurzayev, Husenova, M. B. Hadjiyeva, Bisultanova, Vitaliyeva, Luiza Bakuyeva, R. A. Hashanov, Tushayeva, Saidov, as well as terrorists using counterfeit documents in the names of Jabrailov, Turpal Khamzatov, Musayev, and three male corpses (corpses 2007, 2028, and 2036) whose identities were not determined.

32
Dolnik and Fitzgerald, op. cit., p. 65.

33
CNN, October 25, 2002, Gunmen Release Chilling Video,
www.archives.cnn.com/2002/world/europe/10/24/moscow.siege.video/
.

34
Simon Jeffrey, “The Moscow Theater Siege,”
The Guardian
, October 28, 2002,
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/oct/28/chechnya.russia6

35
BBC “Hostage Takers Ready to Die,” October 25, 2002,
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2360735.stm

36
Soldiers found eighteen new Russian passports, nine old Soviet passports, and dozens of police department–issued temporary Chechen IDs. In addition to fake IDs there were also authentic documents with other people's names. Many of the men carried real passports with other names; Barayev had the passport of Shamikhazi Akhmatkhanov. However, the female terrorists all possessed passports with their real names.

37
Viv Groskop, “Chechnya's Deadly ‘Black Widows,'”
The New Statesman
, September 6, 2004,
www.newstatesman.com/200409060023

38
Viv Groskop, “Women at the Heart of Terror Cells,”
The Guardian
, September 5, 2004,
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/sep/05/russia.chechnya1

39
Ibid.

40
Ibid.

41
Ibid.

42
Chechens often have an official name (for passport purposes) and another name that is commonly used within the family and that may be completely different. Sometimes the grandparents will give the children another completely different name, without informing the parents. Thus the inconsistencies in several of the Dubrovka accounts. Sources identify the bomber as Khadijat, although her parents call her Ayshat or Fatimat. There are lots of different name spellings depending on the source.

43
Kim Murphy, “A Cult of Reluctant Killers,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 4, 2004.

44
Internal Displaced Monitoring Centre, “Women and Children Suffer Violence and Abuse (2008),” October 5, 2009,
www.internaldisplacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/88CA1F1C7BDED7D2802570B8005AA947?OpenDocument

45
Murphy, “A Cult of Reluctant Killers,” op. cit.

46
Anna Nugzarova and Natalya Khetagurova, “‘Basayev Asked Me How My Sisters Ended up at Nord-Ost'; Man Charged with Preparing Acts of Terrorism Acknowledges His Guilt,”
Moscow Gazeta
, January 10, 2005, p. 4.

47
Interview with Zarema Muzhakhoyeva, Ren TV, Moscow, June 24, 2004.

48
Sophie Shihab, “Black Widows of Chechnya,”
Le Monde
, October 29, 2003,
web.radicalparty.org/pressreview/print_right.php?func=detail&par=6859
.

49
Elizabeth Frombgen, “Burkas, Babushkas, and Bombs: Toward an Understanding of the ‘Black Widow,'” unpublished ms, prepared for the Pacific Northwest Political Science Association, 2008, p. 4.

50
Anna Politkovskaya,
A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya
, translated by Alexander Burry and Tatiana Tulchinsky, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

51
Murphy, “A Cult of Reluctant Killers,” op. cit.

52
Ruslan Isayev, “The Chechen Woman and her Role in the New Society,” Prague Watchdog, June 21, 2004,
www.watchdog.cz/index.php?show=000000-000015-000006-000008&lang=1

53
Anne Speckhard and Khapta Akhmedova, “Black Widows, Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists,”
Terrorism and Political Violence
, 2006, pp. 67–68.

54
Groskop, “Women at the Heart of Terror Cells,” op. cit.

55
Amnesty International, “Urge Putin to Stop Violence Against Women in Chechnya,” AIUSA,
http://takeaction.amnestyusa.org/site/c.goJTI0OvElH/b.1157849/k.928E/
Urge_Russian_President_Putin_to_Stop_Violence_Against_Women_in_Chechnya.htm

56
Svideteli: Cherniyye Vdovy (“Witnesses: Black Widows”), RTR TV Russia, October 14, 2004, 7:20
P.M.

57
Groskop, “Women at the Heart of Terror Cells,” op. cit.

58
Human Rights Watch, “Rape Allegations Surface in Chechnya,” January 20, 2000, available at
www.hrw.org/press.2000/01/chech0120.htm

59
www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/BCA90FF82910EA0BC125764D0056508F/$file/Russian+Federation+-+October+2009.pdf
.

60
Tom Parfitt, “Meet Black Fatima—She Programmes Women to Kill,”
Daily Telegraph
, July 20, 2003,
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1436622/Meet-Black-Fatima---sheprogrammes-women-to-kill.html

61
Laura Sjoberg and Caron E. Gentry,
Mothers, Monsters and Whores
, London: Zed Books, 2007, p. 91.