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Authors: Odd Arne Westad

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89. For a summary of the Soviet leader's reasons for withdrawing the experts from China, see Frol Kozlov's report to the CPSU Central Committee July 1960 plenum, "Ob itogakh soveshchaniia predstavitelei bratskikh partii v Bukhareste i ob oshibochnykh pozitsiiakh rukovodstva TsK KPK po nekotorym printsipialnym voprosam marksistskoleninskoi teorii i sovremennykh mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii" [On the results of the conference of leaders of brotherly parties in Bucharest and on the erroneous positions of the heads of the CCP Central Committee on some main questions of Marxist-Leninist theory and contemporary international relations] (draft), July 13, 1960, TsKhSD, CPSU Central Committee Plenum Collection, Twenty-first Party Congress, especially pp. 62-74.
90. Records of conversation, Chervonenko-Zhou Enlai, August 15 and 23, 1960, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 53, pa. 8, d. 454, pp. 224-28, 231-38; record of conversation, Leonid Brezhnev-Liu Shaoqi, December 4, 1960, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 53, pa. 6, d. 453; record of conversation, Mao Zedong-Chervonenko, December 26, 1960, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 53, pa. 9, d. 454, pp. 98-105. See also reports by Ilia I. Safronov, political counselor at Soviet embassy, Beijing, from August 1960 on Chinese foreign relations after the recall of Soviet experts, summary (n.d.) attached to AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 53, pa. 6, d. 453.
91. Record of conversation, Chervonenko-Zhou Enlai, June 25, 1961, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 54, pa. 466, d. 8, pp. 119-33; record of conversation, Chervonenko-Deng Xiaoping, September 30, 1961, ibid., pp. 175-8; Zhou Enlai's remarks to a Soviet trade delegation, April 20, 1962, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 55, pa. 480, d. 6, pp. 109-13. There were rebellions in at least five provinces in China in 1960-61: Teiwes,
Politics and Purges,
347.
92. Zhou Enlai's talk to the ambassadors from socialist countries, March 8, 1961, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 54, pa. 466, d. 7, pp. 77-91; record of conversation, Chervonenko-Liu Shaoqi, February 28, 1961, ibid., pp. 67-72, quote on p. 70; record of conversation, Chervonenko-Chen Yi, March 20, 1961, ibid., pp. 120--6, especially pp. 120-1. See also Chervonenko's conversation with the CCP secretary for Yunnan province, Ma Zikun, April 18, 1961, on the effects of the famine in Yunnan, ibid., pp. 199-208.
93. See, for instance, Gittings,
Survey of the Sino-Soviet Dispute,
105.
94. Chinese foreign ministry note, November 30, 1961, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 54, pa. 460, d. 2, pp. 11-12.
95. Chinese foreign ministry note, May 18, 1961, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 54, pa. 466, d. 2, pp. 7-8.

 

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96. Soviet embassy (Beijing) note, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 55, pa. 480, d. 1, pp. 1, 2.
97. Unnumbered file, attached to AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 55, pa. 480, d. 6, summarizing a December 1962 conversation between a Soviet defense official and General Qiu Chuangcheng, head of the Chinese army special artillery forces.
98. Teiwes,
Politics and Purges,
375; Zhang Baijia,
Looking at Sino-American Relations during the Cold War from the Chinese Perspective.
Paper presented at a Cold War International History Project conference, Hong Kong, January 1996, 15.
99. Zhang,
Looking at Sino-American Relations,
16.
100. Record of conversation, Chervonenko-Zhou Enlai, October 8, 1962, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 55, pa. 480, d. 7, pp. 59-70, details Chinese positions and their request for Soviet aid at the start of the crisis. See also the Soviet appeal to end the fighting, in Record of conversation, Chervonenko-Zhang Hanfu (Chinese vice-foreign minister), AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 55, pa. 480, d. 7, pp. 109-12; and Deng Xiaoping's later comments on the Soviets, in July 1963-SAPMO-BArch, 90.
101. M. Y. Prozumenchikov,
The Influence of the Sino-Indian Border Conflict and the Caribbean Crisis on the Development of Sino-Soviet Relations.
Paper presented at a Cold War International History Project conference, Hong Kong, January 1996, 6-9; Soviet Beijing embassy reports on China and the Cuban crisis, TsKhSD, f. 5, op. 49, d. 530;
Renmin ribao,
December 15, 1962.
102. Gittings,
Survey of the Sino-Soviet Dispute,
186-7. The Soviet Union had informed China of its overall acceptance of the American proposal already in August 1962. China had then repeatedly warned the Soviet Union against signing a treaty that in any way limited Chinese rights to develop its own nuclear capabilities. On June 9, 1963, just before the beginning of Sino-Soviet negotiations in Moscow, the Soviets had assured the Chinese of their support in this matter; AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 55, p. 480, d. 2. See also Han Nianlong et al., ed.,
Diplomacy of Contemporary China
(Hong Kong: New Horizon Press, 1990), 148-50.
103. See, for instance, the views of the British prime minister, Alec Douglas-Home, and President Lyndon Johnson during the prime minister's visit to the United States in February 1964, Public Record Office, PREM 11/4794.

 

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