Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar (51 page)

23.
   See Tin Maung Maung Than, “Myanmar,” p.395.

24.
   Mary P. Callahan,
Political Authority in Burma’s Ethnic Minority States: Devolution, Occupation, and Coexistence
(Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington, 2007), n.12.

25.
   Stephen McCarthy,
The Political Theory of Tyranny in Singapore and Burma: Aristotle and the Rhetoric of Benevolent Despotism
(Abingdon: Routledge, 2006).

26.
   Mikael Gravers,
Nationalism as Political Paranoia in Burma: An Essay on the Historical Practice of Power
, 2
^nd
ed. (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999).

27.
   Jennifer Leehey, “Writing in a Crazy Way: Literary Life in Contemporary Urban Burma,” in Monique Skidmore, ed.,
Burma at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century
(Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 2005), 175–205.

28.
   Ian Holliday, “National Unity Struggles in Myanmar: A Degenerate Case of Governance for Harmony in Asia,”
Asian Survey
47:3 (2007), 374–92.

29.
   
Working People’s Daily
, “State LORC Declaration No. 1/90 of July 27, 1990,” July 29, 1990.

30.
   Barbara Victor,
The Lady: Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Laureate and Burma’s Prisoner
(Boston, MA: Faber and Faber, 1998). Justin Wintle,
Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi
(London: Hutchinson, 2007).

31.
   Network for Democracy and Development,
The White Shirts
.

32.
   Mary Callahan, “Myanmar’s Perpetual Junta: Solving the Riddle of the Tatmadaw’s Long Reign,”
New Left Review
60 (Nov/Dec 2009), 26–63, p.29.

33.
   Amnesty International,
The Repression of Ethnic Minority Activists in Myanmar
, ASA 16/001/2010 (London: Amnesty International, 2010). Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) and United States Campaign for Burma,
The Future in the Dark: The Massive Increase in Burma’s Political Prisoners
(Mae Sot and Washington, DC: Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma) and United States Campaign for Burma, 2008). Human Rights Watch,
Burma’s Forgotten Prisoners
(New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2009).

34.
   Fink,
Living Silence in Burma
, pp.171–88.

35.
   Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma),
The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma’s Interrogation Centers and Prisons
(Mae Sot: Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), 2005).

36.
   Jane Perlez, “From a Burmese prison, a chronicle of pain in paint,”
New York Times
, August 13, 2007.

37.
   Karen Connelly,
The Lizard Cage
(New York, NY: Spiegel & Grau, 2005).

38.
   The NLD had no online presence until a website (
www.nldburma.org
) was created by overseas party members and formally launched on January 30, 2011. Aung San Suu Kyi gained internet access at her home on January 20, 2011. Ko Htwe, “NLD website launched,”
Irrawaddy
, January 31, 2011.

39.
   Kyaw Yin Hlaing, “Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar.”

40.
   Khin Zaw Win, “2010 and the Unfinished Task of Nation-building,” in Nick Cheesman, Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds),
Ruling Myanmar: From Cyclone Nargis to National Elections
(Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2010), 19–31, p.23.

41.
   This was the evaluation made by Shari Villarosa, US chargé d’affaires in Yangon 2006–08, at the end of her tour of duty. US Department of State, “Continuing the pursuit of democracy in Burma,” July 14, 2008. WikiLeaks US Embassy Cables, ref. 08RANGOON557.

42.
   Robert H. Taylor, “Burma’s Ambiguous Breakthrough,”
Journal of Democracy
1:4 (1990), 62–72, p.70.

43.
   Fink,
Living Silence in Burma
, pp.83–6.

44.
   Human Rights Watch,
Crackdown: Repression of the 2007 Popular Protests in Burma
(New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2007), pp.23–7. Human Rights Documentation Unit,
Bullets in the Alms Bowl: An Analysis of the Brutal SPDC Suppression of the September 2007 Saffron Revolution
(No place: National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, 2008), pp.32–6.

45.
   Perhaps the most common term is saffron revolution, designed to draw a parallel with color revolutions elsewhere in the world. However, since the monks who marched in Myanmar mainly wore maroon and never mobilized the general population, both parts of the designation are contested. Indeed, it may even be that uprising is stretching the point. Nevertheless, for ease of reference and since it is a term that has passed into the language, saffron uprising is used here. For a detailed account, see Hans-Bernd Zöllner,
Neither Saffron nor Revolution: A Commentated and Documented Chronology of the Monks’ Demonstrations in Myanmar in 2007 and Their Background: Part I
(Berlin: Humboldt University, 2009).

46.
   Fink,
Living Silence in Burma
, p.103.

47.
   Kyaw Yin Hlaing, “Challenging the Authoritarian State: Buddhist Monks and Peaceful Protests in Burma,”
Fletcher Forum of World Affairs
32:1 (Winter 2008), 125–44. Andrew Selth, “Burma’s ‘Saffron Revolution’ and the Limits of International Influence,”
Australian Journal of International Affairs
62:3 (2008), 281–97.

48.
   Julianne Pidduck, “Citizen Journalism in Burma and the Legacy of Graham Spry,”
Canadian Journal of Communication
35:3 (2010), 473–85.

49.
   Martin J. Smith,
Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
, 2
^nd
ed. (London: Zed Books, 1999). Zaw Oo and Win Min,
Assessing Burma’s Ceasefire Accords
(Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington, 2007).

50.
   Martin J. Smith, “Ethnic Politics and Regional Development in Myanmar: The Need for New Approaches,” in Kyaw Yin Hlaing, Robert H. Taylor and Tin Maung Maung Than (eds),
Myanmar: Beyond Politics to Societal Imperatives
(Singapore: ISEAS Publications, 2005), 56–85.

51.
   Paul Core, “Burma/Myanmar: Challenges of a Ceasefire Accord in Karen State,”
Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs
28:3 (2009), 95–105. Ken MacLean, “The Rise of Private Indirect Government in Burma,” in Susan L. Levenstein, ed.,
Finding Dollars, Sense, and Legitimacy in Burma
(Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2010), 40–52.

52.
   Ashley South,
Burma’s Longest War: Anatomy of the Karen Conflict
(Amsterdam: Transnational Institute and Burma Center Netherlands, 2011), pp.4, 45.

53.
   Ashley South,
Ethnic Politics in Burma: States of Conflict
(Abingdon: Routledge, 2008).

54.
   Callahan,
Political Authority in Burma’s Ethnic Minority States
, pp.2–3. Also see Tom Kramer,
The United Wa State Party: Narco-army or Ethnic Nationalist Party?
(Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington, 2007). And see Jane M. Ferguson, “Sovereignty in the Shan State: A Case Study of the United Wa State Army,” in Nick Cheesman, Monique Skidmore and Trevor Wilson (eds),
Ruling Myanmar: From Cyclone Nargis to National Elections
(Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2010), 52–62.

55.
   Mark Duffield, “On the Edge of ‘No Man’s Land’: Chronic Emergency in Myanmar,” School of Sociology, Politics, and International Studies, University of Bristol Working Paper No. 01–08.
www.bristol.ac.uk/spais/research/workingpapers/wpspaisfiles/duffield0108.pdf
.

56.
   South,
Burma’s Longest War
, p.12.

57.
   The Burma Campaign UK carries a large number of reports on its website.
http://burmacampaign.org.uk
.

58.
   Kei Nemoto, “Between Democracy and Economic Development: Japan’s Policy towards Burma/Myanmar Then and Now,” in N. Ganesan and Kyaw Yin Hlaing, eds,
Myanmar: State, Society and Ethnicity
(Singapore and Hiroshima: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies and Hiroshima Peace Institute, 2007), 96–108, p.104.

59.
   For a list of the major economic reforms from 1987 to 1996, see Koichi Fujita, Fumiharu Mieno and Ikuko Okamoto, “Myanmar’s Economic Transformation after 1988,” in Koichi Fujita, Fumiharu Mieno and Ikuko Okamoto (eds),
The Economic Transition in Myanmar after 1988: Market Economy versus State Control
(Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), 1–19, Table 2.

60.
   Stephen McCarthy, “Ten Years of Chaos in Burma: Foreign Investment and Economic Liberalization under the SLORC-SPDC, 1988 to 1998,”
Pacific Affairs
73:2 (2000), 233–62.

61.
   Ikuko Okamoto, “Transformation of the Rice Marketing System after Market Liberalization in Myanmar,” in Koichi Fujita, Fumiharu Mieno and Ikuko Okamoto (eds),
The Economic Transition in Myanmar after 1988: Market Economy versus State Control
(Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), 216–45, p.240.

62.
   Okamoto, “Transformation of the Rice Marketing System,” pp.219–21.

63.
   Koichi Fujita and Ikuko Okamoto, “Overview of Agricultural Policies and the Development in Myanmar,” in Koichi Fujita, Fumiharu Mieno and Ikuko Okamoto (eds),
The Economic Transition in Myanmar after 1988: Market Economy versus State Control
(Singapore: NUS Press, 2009), 169–215.

64.
   Kyaw Yin Hlaing, “Power and Factional Struggles in Post-independence Burmese Governments,” pp.175–6.

65.
   Mya Maung,
Totalitarianism in Burma: Prospects for Economic Development
(New York, NY: Paragon House, 1992). Callahan, “Myanmar’s Perpetual Junta.”

66.
   Dominic Faulder, “The big sleep: How a dream wedding illustrated the self-confidence of an elite at ease,”
Irrawaddy
14:12 (December 2006), 56–7, p.57.

67.
   MacLean, “The Rise of Private Indirect Government in Burma.”

68.
   Richard M. Gibson and John B. Haseman, “Prospects for Controlling Narcotics Production and Trafficking in Myanmar,”
Contemporary Southeast Asia
25:1 (2003), 1–19. Martin Jelsma, Tom Kramer and Pietje Vervest (eds),
Trouble in the Triangle: Opium and Conflict in Burma
(Chiang Mai: Silkworm, 2005). Kramer,
The United Wa State Party.
Palaung Women’s Organization,
Poisoned Hills: Opium Cultivation Surges under Government Control in Burma
(Mae Sot: Palaung Women’s Organization, 2010).

69.
   Shan Herald Agency for News,
Show Business: Rangoon’s ‘War on Drungs’ in Shan State
(No place: Shan Herald Agency for News, 2003). Shan Herald Agency for News,
Hand in Glove: The Burma Army and the Drug Trade in Shan State
(Chiang Mai: Shan Herald Agency for News, 2006).

70.
   Khin Maung Soe,
Trends of Development of Myanmar Fisheries: With References to Japanese Experiences
(Chiba: Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization, 2008).

71.
   H. C. Matthew Sim,
Myanmar on My Mind: A Guide to Living and Doing Business in Myanmar
(Singapore: Times Books International, 2001).