Burning the Reichstag (65 page)

78
. “Commutation Seen for van der Lubbe,”
New York Times
, January 6, 1934; “Lubbe trotz Begnadigung geköpft,”
Neuer Vorwärts
, January 21, 1934; Vermerk, January 8, 1934, BA-BL R 43 II/294, Bl. 439.

79
. Agreement, January 9, 1934, BA-BL R. 3003/68, Bl. 22.; “Protokoll über den Vollzug der Todesstrafe an dem Maurer Marinus van der Lubbe,” January 10, 1934; ibid., Bl. 29.

80
. AA to Royal Dutch Embassy, January 13, 1934;
Socialdemokraten
January 14, 1934,
Socialdemokraten
January 15, 1934; ibid., Bl. 49–51, Bl. 56–58.

81
.
Socialdemokraten
, January 15, 1934; ibid., Bl. 58; Bahar and Kugel,
Reichstagsbrand
:
Provocation
, 244–45;
Telegraaf
quoted in
Neue Zürcher Zeitung
, December 23, 1933, morning.

82
.
Neuer Vorwärts
, January 28, 1934; “Van der Lubbe Buried as Guards Stand By,”
New York Times
, January 16, 1934.

83
. Diels,
Lucifer
, 264–65.

84
. “Ergebnis der Besprechung vom 4. Januar 1934,” TA; Himmler to Diels, January 15, 1934, IfZ ZS/A 7, Bd. 1.

85
. Ivo Banac, ed.,
The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov 1933–1949
(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003), 7–8.

86
. Diels,
Lucifer
, 267–69. Diels seems to have been playing a double game: William E. Dodd,
Ambassador Dodd's Diary, 1933–1938
(New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1941), 65, 67.

87
. Rabinbach “Staging Antifascism,” 97–126; Tony Judt and Timothy Snyder,
Thinking the Twentieth Century
(New York: Penguin Press, 2012), ch.6; on the Luxembourg Committee see Conclusion. 368 1933.

88
. R.J. Crampton,
Bulgaria
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 323, 336.

89
. Norbert Podewin and Lutz Heuer,
Ernst Torgler: Ein Leben im Schatten des Reichstagsbrandes
(Berlin: Trafo Verlag Dr. Wolfgang Weist, 2006), 150–70.

90
. Tobias to H.D. Röhrs, March 27, 1972, TA.

91
. Diels,
Lucifer
, 223; Rudolf Diels, undated affidavit (probably Nuremberg, 1946), NHH VVP 46 NL Diels, Bd. 21; Willi Schmidt, interview with Tobias, July 27, 1968, TA; Krim-Insp. A.K. Berlin, November 27, 1948, OSTA an den GSTA LG Berlin, December 12, 1949, BStU MfS ASt 35 Js 164/48 GA Bd. 1, Bl. 24–25, 27; Volksgerichtshof Judgment, May 4, 1935, BA-BL NJ 14220 Bd. 1, Bl. 433–34; Botschaft to AA, February 5, 1933, PA des AA R 99493.

92
. “Der Chef der braunen Tscheka in Schutzhaft-Gefahr?”
Frei-Saar Chronik
, September 3, 1933, PA des AA R. 98428; Tobias interview with Willi Schmidt, Hannover, July 27, 1968, TA; Diels,
Lucifer
, 234, 237; Sauer, “Goebbels ‘Rabauken.'”

93
. Diels,
Lucifer
, 238–39, 246–49; Grauert Interrogations, December 5, 1946, January 15, 1947, BSN Rep 502 KV-Anklage Interrogations G 73.

94
. Gisevius,
To the Bitter End
, 51–52.

95
. Grauert Interrogation, January 15, 1947, BSN Rep 502 KV-Anklage Interrogations G 73; “Besprechung mit St. Sekr. Grauert am 13.10.1962,” TA; Dodd,
Diary
, 65, 67.

96
. Diels,
Lucifer
, 278–81.

97
. Metcalfe,
1933
, 201; Dodd,
Embassy Eyes
, 53; Dodd to Metcalfe, August 10, 1982, LOC, Martha Dodd Papers, container 7; Dodd to Dallek, October 31, 1985, LOC, Martha Dodd Papers, container 4; Dodd to Shirer, November 14, 1975, LOC, Martha Dodd Papers, Container 9.

98
. Dodd,
Embassy Eyes
, 52–53, 56, 134–35.

99
. Klaus Wallbaum,
Der Überläufer
:
Rudolf Diels (1900–1957). Der Erste Gestapo-Chef des Hitler Regimes
(Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 2010), 77–80; Schneider to Spruchgericht Bielefeld, March 23, 1949, NL Schnitzler I; Himmler to Daluege, July 13, 1942, BA-BL NS 19/2470.

100
. Diels,
Lucifer
, 283; Ingeborg Kalnoky,
The Guest House: A Nuremberg Memoir
(Indianapolis/New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974), 72–73.

101
. Ulrich von Hassell, diary entry for June 15, 1938, IfZ ZS/A 7 Bd. 1.

102
. Bülow-Schwante Statement, June 21, 1947, BA-K Z/42/IV/1960, Bl. 57; Diemers Statement, September 2, 1947, NHH VVP 46 NL Diels, Bd. 27.

103
. Diels Deposition, February 19, 1949, BA-K Z/42/IV/1960, Bl. 33; CIC Personality Report, Rudolf Diels, July 5, 1950, NARA CIC D001018, Diels, Rudolf.

104
. Diels Deposition, February 19, 1949, BA-K Z/42/IV/1960, Bl. 33; Ernst August Prinz von Hannover, Affidavit, April 25, 1949, NHH NDS 171 Hannover Nr. 28640; letter of five participants, July 22, 1946, BA-K Z/42/IV/1960, Bl. 89; Hildegard Diels-Mannesmann, Affidavit, no date, ibid., Bl. 77–78.

105
. Diels Deposition, February 19, 1949, BA-K Z/42/IV/1960, Bl. 33; Hildegard Diels-Mannesmann, Affidavit, no date, ibid., Bl. 78; CIC Personality Report, Rudolf Diels, July 5, 1950, NARA CIC D001018, Diels, Rudolf.

106
. Diels,
Lucifer
, 263.

1
. Telford Taylor,
The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), 25–26.

2
. Christiane Kohl,
Das Zeugenhaus: Nürnberg 1945: Als Täter und Opfer unter einem Dach zusammentrafen
(Munich: Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag, 2006), 43–44; Kalnoky,
Guest House
, 65–67, 74–76.

3
. Kohl,
Zeugenhaus
, 86.

4
. Diels to Bogs, August 22, 1949, JA; Kohl,
Zeugenhaus
, 134–35, 158; Diels to Schnitzler, March 26, 1947, NL Schnitzler II; Kempner to Margot (?), November 19, 1982, USHMM RG-71.002.01, Box 140; Sprecher to Kempner, August 13, 1983, USHHM RG-71.004.01, Box 239.

5
. NARA RG 263 (CIA) Personal Files, Second Release, Diels, Rudolf, RC Box No 25 Location RC 230/86/22/04.

6
. Prussian MP to Prussian IM, December 15, 1933, GStA Rep. 90 P/8/1, Bl. 4; Maisch Report, October 21, 1954, NARA RG 65 FBI, Box 16 Folder 62–85289, Sec 2, 1 of 1; Gisevius,
Bitteren Ende
, (1946), 72–73; Heydrich to Helldorff, February 17, 1936, IfZ ED 82.

7
. Joachim Fest,
Staatsstreich: Der lange Weg zum 20. Juli
(Munich: btb-Verlag, 2004), 85; Memo, October 4, 1954, Washington Field to Director, FBI, NARA RG 65, Box 16 Folder 62–85289, Sec 1, 1 of 2; the memo is quoting the Kaltenbrunner Reports, see
Spiegelbild einer Verschwörung
, 479; Maisch Report, October 21, 1954, NARA RG 65, Box 16 Folder 62–85289, Sec 2, 1 of 1; C. Gisiger, “Ein sensationeller Prozess? Das militärgerichtliche Strafverfahren gegen Eduard von der Heydt, Hans Bernd Gisevius und Josef Steegman vor dem Divisionsgericht 6 (1946–1948),” Historisches Seminar University Zurich, October 2005; “Einstellung eines militärgerichtichen Verfahrens,” unidentified newspaper clipping, USHMM RG-71.005.01, Box 264.

8
. Joseph E. Persico,
Nuremberg: Infamy on Trial
(New York: Viking, 1994), 325; film clips at
http://resources.ushmm.org/film/search/index.php
, visited February 10, 2009; Nuremberg
Proceedings
, vol. 12, 175; Torgler to Fischer, February 27, 1948, TA; Hans Bernd Gisevius,
Wo ist Nebe? Erinnerungen an Hitlers Reichskriminaldirektor
(Zürich: Droemersche Verlagsanstalt, 1966), 240 ff; Timothy Snyder,
Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
(New York: Basic Books, 2012), 205; Peter Klein, ed.,
Die Einsatzgruppen in der besetzten Sowjetunion 1941/42. Die Tätigkeits- und Lageberichte des Chefs der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD
(Berlin: Edition Hentrich, 1997), 62–63.

9
. Gisevius's intemperate speechifying BA-BL R. 3001/57358; his anti-Hugenberg conspiracy, Beck,
Fateful Alliance
, 281.

10
. Memo from SAC, WFO to Director FBI, October 21, 1954, quoting letter of Assistant Director CIA to Department of State, March 25, 1948, NARA RG 65 FBI, Box 16 Folder 62-85289, Sec 2, 1 of 1; Gisevius,
Bittern Ende
(1946), Bd. 2; Gisevius to Dulles, undated, August 1955, Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton, Allen Dulles Papers, Box 29 Folder 2 “Gisevius”; Wätjen to Dulles, January 21, 1946, Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton, Allen Dulles Papers, Box 57 Folder 1 “Wätjen.”

11
. Kalnoky,
Guest House
, 178–80.

12
. Diels to Kempner, July 20, 1946, TA; also on the Lugano meeting Torgler to Fischer, February 27, 1949, TA; RA Oberloskamp, Schriftsatz, August 28, 1961, ETH NL Gisevius 16.21; Diels, “Zum ‘Bittern Ende' des Hans Bernd Gisevius; Ein Vorspiel,'”
Deutsche Rundschau
, vol. 71 Heft 8, August 1948, ETH NL Gisevius 10; Diels, Affidavit, undated, BSN Rep 502 Englische Dokumente D 15–22; Hermann Graml, “Gutachten,” May 3, 1962, ETH NL Gisevius, 15.15; Peter,
Spiegelbild
.

13
. Dulles to Gisevius, Feb 5, 1946, ETH NL Gisevius, 10 Correspondence, Dulles, Allen; Dulles, “Introduction,” in Gisevius,
Bitter End
(1947), xiii; Kalnoky,
Guest House
, 182–85.

14
. Gisevius,
Bitter End
(1947), 40–42. In this section, for translation convenience, citations come where possible from the 1947 English edition of the book; where relevant passages from the 1946 German original were cut from the translation, however, citations are to the German edition.

15
. Gisevius,
Bitter End
(1947), 61; Gisevius Statement, May 23, 1960, LNRW-D Rep. 372/990, 12–13.

16
. Gisevius,
Bittern Ende
(1946), 82–83.

17
. Gisevius,
Bitter End
(1947), 61–63.

18
. Gisevius,
Bittern Ende
(1946), 87–88, 94.

19
. Gisevius,
Bitter End
(1947), 67–72.

20
. Gisevius,
Bitter End
(1947), 70, 77–80.

21
. Gisevius,
Bitter End
(1947), 74; Gisevius, “Reichstagsbrand im Zerrspiegel,”
Die Zeit
, March 25, 1960.

22
. Gisevius,
Bittern Ende
(1946), 89–92; Gisevius,
Bitter End
(1947), 64.

23
. Gisevius,
Bittern Ende
(1946), 102.

24
. Tobias to the Author, March 3, 2010; Diels,
Lucifer
, 221.

25
. Gisevius, “Reichstagsbrand im Zerrspiegel,”
Die Zeit
, March 18, 1960.

26
. “Ein unbequemer Mitwisser beseitigt,”
Pariser Tageblatt
, December 12, 1933.

27
. Vermerk, July 29, 1974, TA; Tobias to Martini, March 6, 1984, TA; Vermerk, October 28, 1983, TA. On Thadden see Robert G. Moeller,
War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 27.

28
. Dr. Christine van den Heuvel, note in the catalogue, November 7, 1984, Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv Hauptstaatsarchiv Hannover.

29
. Diels to the British Delegation, IMT, July 22, 1946, TA. A comparison of other Diels letters that can be found in different places—for instance his letter to Kempner from August 6, 1946, of which Tobias has one signed copy and another is in Kempner's papers—shows that Diels was in the habit of keeping a signed letter copy for his own files.

30
. Tobias to the Author, March 3, 2010.

31
. Diels Affidavit, April 26, 1946, NHH VVP 46 NL Diels, Bd. 21; Diels, Memo, no date, in NHH VVP 46 NL Diels, Bd. 22.

32
. Diels Statement, July 2, 1946, Memo, no date, NHH VVP 46 NL Diels, Bd. 21.

33
. Diels Affidavit, July 3, 1946, NHH VVP 46 NL Diels, Bd. 22.

34
. Kempner to Amtsgericht Frankfurt, October 15, 1961, LNRW-D Rep. 372/992, Bl. 70; Kempner to Kriminalkommissar Boixen, January 3, 1961, LNRW-D Rep. 372/990, Bl. 144.

35
. Arndt to
Die Zeit
, April 14, 1960, LNRW-D Rep. 372/990, Bl. 200; Arndt Deposition, June 9, 1961, LNRW-D Rep. 372/992, Bl. 15–16. Arndt said that he questioned Diels the day that Walther Funk testified about the Reichsbank's holdings of gold taken from concentration camp prisoners. Funk testified May 6th about the gold.

36
. BAOR/15228/10/JAG “Dr. Rudolf Diels,” May 4, 1946, BNA WO 309/294 “Interrogation of Dr. Rudolf Diels, Regierungspräsident of Cologne 1934–1936 and Hannover 1936–1940”; CC for Germany, to Col. Phillimore, November 30, 1945, BNA WO 309/768; Phillimore to BOAR, December 7, 1945, in ibid; Gisevius to Kempner, October 1, 1948, USHMM Archive Robert M.W. Kempner Collection RG-71.004.03 Box 241, Folder Gisevius 1948–1960.

37
. Diels to Kempner, August 6, 1946, Diels to Kempner, April 17, 1946, TA.

38
. Kalnoky,
Guest House
, 187–88.

39
. Ibid., 186.

40
. Robert M.W. Kempner,
Das Dritte Reich im Keuzverhör: Aus den unveröffentlichten Vernehmungsprotokollen des Anklägers in den Nürnberger Prozessen
(Munich: F.A. Herbig, 2005), 29–31, 34, 42–43, 46.

41
. Otto Meissner,
Staatssekretär Unter Ebert—Hindenburg—Hitler: Der Schicksalweg des deutschen Volkes von 1918–1945, wie ich ihn erlebte
(Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe Verlag, 1959), 283.

42
. Sommerfeldt to Wolff, September 23, 1955, IfZ ZS/A 7 Bd. 1.

43
. Gewehr to SS Oberabschnitt Ost, January 11, 1936, IfZ Fa 74; Gewehr to Zacharias, March 27, 1960, IfZ ID 103–60.