Children of Paradise (71 page)

demonstrators clashed in the streets
:
Ibid., 176.

“I am very sorry”
:
Ibid., 181.

“democratic Islamic Republic”
:
Bashiriyeh,
The State and Revolution in Iran
, 160–61.

“Thank God the enemies”
:
Scheherezade Faramarzi, “Executions Continue as Opposition Mounts Underground Campaign,” Associated Press, June 28, 1981.

“are not merely permissible”
:
Abrahamian,
The Iranian Mojahedin
, 68.

“Did you ask for a defense lawyer?”
:
Reuters, “No Need for Defence Attorney, Iran Judge Tells Former Official,”
Globe and Mail
, March 19, 1981.

“The Americans gave us plenty”
:
“Still Feuding, Fighting, Fussing,”
Newsweek
, U.S. ed., March 30, 1981, 44.

“They have turned me into a devil”
:
Reuters, “Former Iran Official Seeks Defence Right,”
Globe and Mail
, April 28, 1981,

“opportunists and criminals” . . . “The time has come”
:
Menashri,
Iran
, 178.

C
HAPTER
T
HREE.
T
HE
P
ERIOD OF
C
ONSTANT
C
ONTEMPLATION

Soroush read Khomeini’s treatise on Islamic government
:
Farhang Rajaee,
Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007), 226.

“We always have a duty”
:
Reza Khojasteh-Rahimi, “We Should Pursue Shariati’s Path but We Shouldn’t Be Mere Followers: An Interview with Abdulkarim Soroush,” June 2008, http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-Shariati_June2008.html.

“banishing the power of cool and critical judgment”
:
Karl Popper,
The Open Society and Its Enemies
, vol. 2,
Hegel and Marx
(New York: Routledge, 2003), 216.

“The dogma that economic power”
:
Ibid., 139.

“It is high time . . . ‘
how much
power is wielded?’”
:
Ibid., 178.

“we are pleased now”
:
Behrooz Ghamari-Tabrizi,
Islam and Dissent in Postrevolutionary Iran: Abdolkarim Soroush, Religious Politics and Democratic Reform
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2008), 127.

“Otherwise, God forbid”
:
Ibid., 127.

“masked dogmatism” . . . “improper” hijab
:
Ibid., 104.

“restructuring . . . higher education”
:
Ibid., 112.

“conspirators and other agents”
:
Ibid., 116.

“We should neither limit social liberties”
:
Ibid., 189.

“After a few sentences”
:
“The Story of the Cultural Revolution: ‘Right to the End They Didn’t Know Where They Were Meant to Be Going,’” interview with Abdolkarim Soroush, published in
Lowh
, Oct. 1, 1999, available at http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-19991000-The_Story_of_the_Cultural_Revolution.html.

“He did not shed any tears”
:
Ghamari-Tabrizi,
Islam and Dissent in Postrevolutionary Iran
, 117.

“The prophets were not sent to angels”
:
Farzin Vahdat,
God and Juggernaut: Iran’s Intellectual Encounter with Modernity
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2002), 199.

“Modern man sees his own image”
:
Ibid., 195.

Davari believed that the political problem with the West
:
The explanation of Davari’s thought owes much to Vahdat,
God and Juggernaut
, chapter 5.

“the only thinker whose ideas are consistent”
:
Ghamari-Tabrizi,
Islam and Dissent in Postrevolutionary Iran
, 191.

a former student recalls
:
See Mahmoud Sadri, “Fardid: Passionate and Genuine but Deeply Flawed Intellectual,” http://nilgoon.org/archive/mahmoudsadri/pages/mahmoudsadri_002.html.

“Every spring I buy grass seed”
:
Ibid.

everything said outside Iran . . . aims with violence:
Maryam Kashani,
“Never in Iran’s History Has Philosophy Been So Political: An Interview with Abdulkarim Soroush,” Jan. 30, 2006, http://drsoroush.com/en/never-in-irans-history-has-philosophy-been-so-political/.

“If these people attack liberalism”
:
Ibid.

In his lectures in the 1980s
:
Ali Paya, “Karl Popper and the Iranian Intellectuals,”
American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences
20, no. 2 (Spring 2003), 61.

“What is this rubbish they advocate”
:
Ghamari-Tabrizi,
Islam and Dissent in Postrevolutionary Iran
, 191.

“Who is Popper?”
:
Ibid., 190.

Popper’s pseudophilosophy served
:
Paya, “Karl Popper and the Iranian Intellectuals,” 61–63.

“are identical to those of Khomeini”
:
David Menashri,
Iran: A Decade of War and Revolution
(New York: Holmes & Meier, 1990), 218.

C
HAPTER
F
OUR.
B
APTISM OF
B
LOOD

190,000 combat dead
:
Iran Times
, Oct. 17, 2014, 2, cited in Lawrence G. Potter, “New Casualty Figures for Iran-Iraq War,” message posted Oct. 16, 2014, to Gulf 2000 electronic mailing list, archived at https://members.gulf2000.columbia.edu. Iran-Iraq War casualty figures are contentious and vary widely among sources. See also http://kurzman.unc.edu/death-tolls-of-the-iran-iraq-war/.

Iran’s gross domestic product
:
Djavad Salehi-Isfahani, “Poverty, Inequality, and Populist Politics in Iran,”
Journal of Economic Inequality
7, no. 1 (March 2009), 5–24.

Decline on this scale
:
Ibid.

This radical faction
:
Bahman Baktiari,
Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996), 81.

His account has been called into question
:
It has been challenged in Persian here: http://www.irajmesdaghi.com/page1.php?id=395.

Mousavi briefly helmed the foreign ministry
:
United Press International, “Personality Spotlight: Mir Hossein Mousavi, Iranian Prime Minister,” Oct. 29, 1981.

He supported nationalizing
:
David Menashri,
Iran: A Decade of War and Revolution
(New York: Holmes & Meier, 1990), 306, 327, 356.

“the flames of this fire”
:
United Press International, “Iran Warns War Could Spread,” Dec. 20, 1982.

“cancerous tumor”
:
Reuters, “Annihilate Israel: Iran,”
Sydney Morning Herald
, Nov. 18, 1988.

“to honor the brave resistance”
:
“700 Protest Prison Death of Israeli Tourists’ Killer,”
Chicago Tribune
, Jan. 9, 1986, 5. The quote is from Tehran Radio.

Mousavi spoke from the roof
:
Reuters, “Iran Marks Anniversary of Embassy Takeover,”
Globe and Mail
, Nov. 5, 1983.

Iran would need seven times
:
For Khomeini’s letter published after the cease-fire, summarizing the reports of the chief of armed forces, see http://www.aftabnews.ir/vdceeo8jho8zn.html.

“I know it is hard on you”
:
Dilip Hiro,
The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict
(New York: Routledge, 1990), 243.

“Taking this decision . . . for his satisfaction”
:
Robert Pear, “Khomeini Accepts ‘Poison’ of Ending War with Iraq; U.N. Sending Mission,”
New York Times
, July 21, 1988.

a cell so crowded
:
Ervand Abrahamian,
Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999), 135, 169, 140.

most severely persecuted religious minority
:
Reza Afshari,
Human Rights in Iran: The Abuse of Cultural Relativism
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), 119–28.

They would twist and crush
:
Abrahamian,
Tortured Confessions
, 139.

In 1994 he estimated
:
Ibid., 140.

Another former prisoner recalls being suspended
:
Houshang Asadi,
Letters to My Torturer: Love, Revolution, and Imprisonment in Iran
(Oxford: Oneworld, 2010).

More than 7,900 Iranian political prisoners
:
Abrahamian,
Tortured Confessions
, 169.

“as painful as observing an actual death”
:
Ibid., 154.

“something snapped inside of all of us”
:
Ibid.