China's Territorial Disputes (50 page)

Islands dispute 33-5; Himalayan borders dispute 124, 125; Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 66;
see also
domestic factors; institutions; nationalism; public opinion and activism; social forces; student activism; subnational actors Level III elements 127;
see also
transnational actors Li Peng 49, 83,116, 117, 118, 119,132 Li Xiannian 70 Liao Chengzhi 39 Liao Kuang-sheng 192n27 Liaoning province 84
Liberation Army Daily
48 Lilley, James 164 Lin Biao 66, 68, 73 Liu Huaqing 49,136 local interests
see
regional interests Longjiu 102,105 Louis, Victor 70, 71 lumber industry 85

Ma Ying-jeou 47

Macclesfield Bank 131, 135, 139,143 McDonald, Sir Claude 191n2 McMahon, Henry 97 McMahon Line 97
see also
Himalayan border disputes Madhok, Balaraj 116

Malaysia, South China Sea islands dispute

2,127, 128, 132, 138,142 Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea workshops 133-5, 138,143 Manchuria 65, 73

Mao Zedong 5,10, 61,65-79
passim,
93, 94,109, 110, 122, 124, 158,165    
'

maritime law
see
law of the sea Matsu Island 165 Maxwell, Neville 109 Memorandum on the Resumption of Border Trade (1991) 117 Menon, Krishna 100, 10^5, 106,123 militarism, Japanese 33, 34, 46, 50, 51, 167 military issues
see
security interests Milner, Helen 22,198n19 Minami Kojima Island 197n14 Ming dynasty (1368-1644) 3, 28
Ming Pao Daily
(Hong Kong) 38, 46 Mischief Reef incident 136-8, 140-1 Mishra, Brajesh 161 Miyamoto, Kenji 40 Mobil 131

Mondale, Walter 51

Mongolia 73, 80, 81,107, 146, 149,172 moral basis of China’s foreign policy 14-15, 163-74    ^

Morgenthau, Hans 78 Mozambique 93

multilateralism, China’s suspicion of 7,

135,170

multinationals
see
transnational actors Murphy Oil 132 Myanmar
see
Burma Myasnikov, Vladimir 81

Nakagama 38 Nakagawa Ichiro 36 Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 33, 37, 38, 41 Nakodha 87 Namwan tract 103 Nanjing Massacre 181n90 Nansha Islands
see
Spratly Islands dispute Naryanan, K. R.110,112 national actors 7, 127-44
passim
;
see also
leadership; Level I elements; negotiating behavior national identity 164-5, 170, 172-3 nationalism 9,11,18, 21,155, 159, 161; Chinese 1,2-3, 4-5, 26-60
passim,
64,

168, 172-3;    '

Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands 26-60, 148, 152, 153, 167-8; Himalayan border dispute 108, 109, 111, 114, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125-6, 147, 151, 169; Japan 26-60
passim
, 153, 157; Russian 85, 87, 92, 150; South China Sea islands dispute

138, 140, 141, 142, 147-8; Taiwan 15, 26-60
passim,
138, 150; Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 64, 85, 87, 92 navigation rights 75, 82, 85, 86,143 navy 5-6,136 Nazarbayev, Nursultan 149 Nazdratenko, Evgeniy 82, 83, 85, 86,

87-8, 152, 159 Ne Win 103

negotiating behavior 8, 9,11,12, 22, 23-5,

59,127, 145, 147, 157-62, 164; Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 27-8, 38-41, 53-4; Himalayan border dispute 110-14, 115, 12^6; ritual and symbolism of Chinese

171-4; secrecy 125, 153, 159-62;

Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 69-72, 77-9, 86, 94-5 negotiation, theory of 16-17,18-20,121 Nehru, Jawaharlal 97,100-9
passim,
115, 116, 122, 124, 125, 126, 151, 153-4, 157, 158, 165,171 Nepal 104, 121, 149,172 NGOs 56,127, 132-5 Nguyen Van Thieu 141 Nihon Seinensha (Japanese Youth

Federation) 26-7, 31, 41, 42, 43-4, 45, 48, 49

Nippon Steel Corporation 40 Nixon administration 71 nomads 3

non-governmental organizations 56, 127, 132-5    
'

non-interference 81,166 Nong Duc Manh 141 North Korea 56, 84, 86, 87 North Vietnam 71, 128 Northern Ireland 161-2 Nu, U.103

nuclear weapons/warfare 5,10, 56, 69, 71,

72, 78, 88,116, 120,123    
'

oil resources 3, 9,117, 118;

Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 26, 31-5, 52, 53, 54, 58, 60; South China Sea islands dispute 127,

128, 130-2, 137, 138, 141,143    
'

Okhotsk Sea 62

Okinawa Islands 28-9, 31, 32, 34, 35 Okinawa Trough 29, 31 Olympic Games (2000) 56 Open Cities 5

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC)130 overseas Chinese,

Diaoyu/Tianoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 26, 33-5, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 148,152

overseas development aid to China 43, 52,

57

overseas peace-keeping 60, 153

Pacific War 46, 55, 56

Pakistan 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 147,

169, 172; border negotiations with China 105, 107,149 Pan Shiying 137

Panchsheel Agreement (1954)100 Panghung-Panglao tract 103

Pannikkar, K. M.100

Panov, Aleksandr 83

Pape, Wolfgang 198n4

Paracel Islands 5, 54,127, 128, 131, 135,

139,    141,143 Parthasarathy, Gopalaswamy 112 Partial Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (1963) 78 Peace and Friendship Treaty with Japan

(1978) 36-41,52, 54,153, 157,166 peaceful coexistence 81,100,165
People’s Daily
(Beijing) 33, 48,108 People’s Liberation Army 6,10, 66, 70-1,

120, 135, 137, 139,168 People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) 5, 136,137    
'

Petronas 132 Pham Van Dong 128 Philippines, South China Sea islands dispute 2,127, 128, 132, 136-8, 139,

140,    142,150 political dissidents 56 Poluyanov, Vitali 87

Praja Socialist Party (PJP) 103, 107 Pratas Islands 131,143
Pravda
68, 69

pressure groups 9-11,18, 21,28, 42-3, 53, 59-60, 92,141,147    
'

prestige maximization 78 Primorsky Krai 62, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87-8,

92

Protocol on Entry and Exit Procedures for Border Trade (1992)117 public opinion and activism 10,18, 21,

149, 150, 151, 160, 161-2, 172-3
;.
Daioyu/Tiaoyu/Senkaku Islands dispute 33-4, 49, 50, 51, 54-5, 56, 59, 151, 159; Himalayan border dispute 103, 105, 106, 108, 111, 115, 117, 120,

122, 123, 151; South China Sea islands dispute 140;

Zhenbao/Chepao/Damansky Islands dispute 65, 67, 71, 78, 92, 94 Punjab separatism 115 Putnam, Robert D. 7, 8,10,13,16,18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 39, 145, 147, 161, 197n16 Pye, Lucian 176n21

Qian Qichen 49, 80,119

Qiao Bian 182n122

Qing dynasty (1644-1911)28, 62, 97

racism 84

Rahmonov, Emomali 150 Ramos, Fidel 136, 137 Rao, Narasimha 111, 119, 125,154 ratification 16-17,18, 20, 22, 39,121,

124, 145, 149, 153-4; Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 83-8,146 rational choice theory 17 Reagan, Ronald 93 realist approach 6,15,163-74 reciprocity 173

regime integration theory 7-8

regime legitimacy 127, 173

regional interests 161; China as regional

power 4, 7,15, 53,135, 165, 167-9,

170, 173; South China Sea islands dispute 143;

Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 60, 82, 83-8, 90, 92,146 regionalism, East Asian 7, 123, 155,

167-9;
see also
ASEAN religious freedom 118 representative democracy
see
democracy reverberation 23, 53, 58, 68, 89, 94,115, 126, 160,161
'
rights 4;
see also
human rights Riker, William H. 154 Rogachev, Igor A. 80 Rogers, William 67 Royal Dutch/Shell132 Rozov, Voktor 87

Russia 7, 22,164-5, 170; arms provision to China 6, 89,136; Central Asian Republics 155, 156; imperialism 1, 62, 64, 78; Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 2, 8,11,61,146, 148-9, 154, 157-8    
'

Ryukyu Islands 32

Sakhalin province 86 San Francisco Treaty (1951)29 Scarborough Shoal 139,140 Schelling, Thomas 79, 197n16 Sea of Japan 64, 82

Sea-Bed Dispute Chamber (SBDC)143 security interests 5-6, 7, 9, 24,164, 167; Central Asia 155, 156; Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 26, 27, 28, 33, 44, 53, 57, 59-60; Himalayan border dispute 101,

102, 107, 109, 113-26
passim,
147, 155, 169-70; South China Sea islands dispute 127, 132-7, 143, 144;

Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 66-75
passim
, 80, 81-2, 86, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95 Seirankai 26, 41, 44-5 Senkaku Islands
see

Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute

Senkaku Islands Defense Association 44,

45 Serbia 6 Setoyama 37

Shanghai Accord (1996)155 Shelepin, Alexander 185n17 Shevardnadze, Edward 81
Shi Jing
175n7*

Shih, Chih-yu 14,173

Shimonoseki Treaty (1895) 4, 29

Shin Kanemaru 40

Sikkim 112, 117, 121,152

Simla Conference (1913-1914) 96-7

Singapore 142

Singh, Natwar 112

Sino-Indian Border Conflict
(film) 192n30 Sino-Japanese Friendship Society 39 Sino-Japanese Memorandum Office 35 Sino-Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty (1978) 36-41,52, 54,153, 157,166
ノ
smuggling 82, 86, 92,146 Snow, Edgar 73 Snyder, Glenn 7 social classes 18 social forces 11,20-2, 145;

Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 33-5, 58, 59-60, 92; Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 146-7;
see also
Level II elements; nationalism; public opinion and activism; student activism social imperialism of USSR 10, 64, 70, 78 socialist internationalism 14,165-6 Solomon, Richard H.176n21 Song Qiang 182n122 Sonoda, Sunao 36-7 Soong Chu-yu 47 Soshinkai 45 South Asia 1,15,126 South China Sea islands dispute 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9,12, 54,117, 127-44, 145, 147,

150-1, 159, 168; Chinese bureaucracy 135-6; fisheries 10,128, 137, 13940,

141, 143-4, 151; history of territorial claims 127-8; map 129; possible future developments 140-4; Scarborough Shoal 139, 140; strategic interaction

between China and ASEAN and within ASEAN 136-8; Track II 132-5 South Korea 32-3, 34, 35, 54, 87,154 South Vietnam 5, 71, 128, 141 South Yemen 93

Southeast Asia 1,54,127, 153, 173; China’s relations with 7, 69,117, 120,

121, 126, 130, 132-5, 136-8, 141-4, 159, 170-1 Special Economic Zones 5 Spratly Islands dispute 2, 6, 9,10,12, 38, 54, 57,117, 127^4
passim,
150,173
'
Sri Lanka 107, 121 Stalin, Josef 165 state 11,145;

Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 146-7;
see also
national actors state-centric theory 7 state-nationalism 4-5, 27,172;
see also
nationalism State Oceanic Bureau 136, 139 state sovereignty 4-5 statism 15,167-9 Stein, Janice Gross 13, 94,198n20 strategic sensitivities
see
security interests Stronach, Bruce 183n148 student activism,

Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 49-50, 59, 148, 157 subnational actors 161; South China Sea islands dispute 9,127, 13544, 145;
see also
domestic factors; economic interests; institutions; Level II elements; nationalism; public opinion and activism; security interests; social forces; student activism Sumdorong Chu Valley incident 113 Sumiyoshi-kai 45 Sunada 38 Suslov, Mikhail 66 Swatantra 103,107

synergy 23, 27, 39, 89, 93, 95, 108, 146

Taiping Island 128, 138, 139, 141,143 Taiwan 3, 5, 15, 22, 71, 78, 81, 89, 150, 159, 165, 170;

Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 2, 8,10, 26-60, 147, 148, 152,

154, 156, 157; Himalayan border dispute 107, 108, 111, 126; South China Sea islands dispute 2, 127, 128, 133, 138, 139, 140-1, 143, 144,170 Taiwan Straits 136

Tajikistan 149-50, 155,156 Takashi Ueno 37 Takeo Miki 39 Tanaka, Kakuei 39 Tang Jiaxuan 49 Tatsushiro Koga 178n5 Tawang tract 113 Teikoku 33

telecommunications, Sino-Indian 117,118 territorial disputes 1-15; literature 13-14; moral and realist bases of Chinese approach 163-74; two-level games explanation 6-13 territorial integrity 2, 5, 81,127,170 territorial sovereignty 2, 3,164, 173, 174; Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai/Senkaku Islands dispute 26-60; Himalayan border dispute 54,119, 121, 125-6; South China Sea islands dispute 54, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 136, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144; two-level games explanation of disputes 6-13,19, 24,145-62; Zhenbao/Chenpao/Damansky Islands dispute 61, 79, 81, 89 Thagla Ridge 106 Thailand 142

thalweg
principle 61,65, 73, 76-7, 80, 81,

82, 89, 94, 160 Third World 93,108, 109, 122,165 three-level games 138;
see also
Level I elements; Level II elements; Level III elements