Authors: Philip Dwyer
Citizen Emperor (190 page)
| 86 . | Bourgogne, Mémoires , p. 107. Similarly, Chevalier, Souvenirs , p. 221. |
| 87 . | Chevalier, Souvenirs , pp. 238–9. |
| 88 . | Roos, Souvenirs , p. 128. |
| 89 . | Sir Robert Wilson, Narrative of Events during the Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Retreat of the French Army 1812 (London, 1860), pp. 352–3; and Wilson, Private Diary of Travels , i. pp. 242, 243, 267. |
| 90 . | Chuquet (ed.), Lettres de 1812 , p. 229. |
| 91 . | Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , ii. p. 314. |
| 92 . | Fain, Manuscrit de mil huit cent douze , ii. pp. 421–4. |
| 93 . | Bourgeois, Tableau de la campagne de Moscou , pp. 138–9; Thirion, Souvenirs militaires , p. 129; François, Journal , p. 691 (24 November 1812); Caulaincourt, Memoirs , ii. p. 119. |
| 94 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , ii. p. 133; Castellane, Journal , i. 202 (5 December 1812); Derrécagaix, Le maréchal Berthier , ii. pp. 453–5, disputes the assertion that Berthier made a scene. |
| 95 . | In favour of the decision were Lejeune, Mémoires , p. 442; Griois, Mémoires , ii. p. 177; Castellane, Journal , i. p. 202 n. 1; Dedem de Gelder, Un général hollandais , p. 292. Those who felt betrayed included Labaume, Relation circonstanciée , pp. 403–5; Denniée, Itinéraire de l’empereur Napoléon , p. 168; Bourgeois, Tableau de la campagne de Moscou , pp. 170–1; Mailly, Mon journal , pp. 105–6; Dumonceau, Mémoires , ii. p. 231; Vionnet de Maringoné, Souvenirs , p. 76. François, Journal , p. 697 (5 December 1812), was implicitly critical. |
| 96 . | According to Labaume, Relation circonstanciée , p. 403. |
| 97 . | For this see Frederick Schneid, ‘The Dynamics of Defeat: French Army Leadership, December 1812–March 1813’, Journal of Military History , 63 (1999), 7–28. |
| 98 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , ii. p. 127. |
| 99 . | Ségur, Napoleon’s Russian Campaign , p. 256. |
100
. Etienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre Macdonald,
Souvenirs du maréchal Macdonald, duc de Tarente
(Paris, 1892), p. 182; Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr,
Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire militaire sous le directoire, le consulat et l’empire
, 4 vols (Paris, 1831), iv. pp. 3–4.
101
. Derrécagaix,
Le maréchal Berthier
, ii. pp. 458–60; Jean Thiry,
La campagne de Russie
(Paris, 1969), p. 330.
102
. Macdonald,
Souvenirs
, pp. 193–4.
103
. See Schneid, ‘The Dynamics of Defeat’, 18.
104
. Jean Lucas-Dubreton,
Murat
(Paris, 1944), pp. 207–8.
105
. Beauharnais,
Mémoires et correspondance politique
, viii. pp. 133–4 (17 January 1813).
106
. Published later in the
Moniteur universel
, 14 May 1815, in order to embarrass Murat. In that same issue, a letter from Napoleon to Caroline was published in which he stated, ‘Your husband is very brave on the battlefield, but he is weaker than a woman or a monk when he does not see the enemy. He has no moral courage.’
107
.
Corr.
xxiv. n. 19474 (22 January 1813).
108
. Macdonald,
Souvenirs
, p. 193.
109
. Beauharnais,
Mémoires et correspondance politique
, viii. pp. 134–6 (17 January 1813).
110
. On Vilnius, Griois,
Mémoires
, ii. pp. 181–7.
111
. Labaume,
Relation circonstanciée
, pp. 413–15; Bourgogne,
Mémoires
, p. 229.
112
. Vionnet de Maringoné,
Souvenirs
, pp. 80–1.
113
. Lignières,
Souvenirs de la Grande Armée
, p. 129; Puybusque,
Lettres sur la guerre de Russie
, p. 121 (15 November 1812).
114
. Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, ii. p. 139.
115
. Roustam Raza,
Souvenirs de Roustam, mamelouck de Napoléon Ier
(Paris, 1911), p. 220.
116
. In France in 1789, the average distance between postal stations, where one could change horses for example, was between 7 and 10.5 kilometres. One could expect to cover about 90 kilometres a day. In 1812 it took around eighteen days for a post-chaise to travel from Paris to Warsaw, and thirty-one days from Paris to Petersburg, assuming of course that the weather permitted. On this see Stuart Woolf, ‘The Construction of a European World-View in the Revolutionary-Napoleonic Years’,
Past & Present
, 137 (1992), 76 n. 11.
117
. Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, ii. p. 162.
118
. Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, ii. pp. 166, 168.
119
. Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, p. 443. Andrew Roberts,
Napoleon and Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo and the Great Commanders who Fought It
(New York, 2001), p. 96.
120
. Fantin des Odoards,
Journal
, p. 354.
121
. Friedrich Adami,
Schicksalswende: Preußen 1812/13: nach Aufzeichnungen von Augenzeugen
(Berlin, 1924), pp. 185–7.
122
. Jackson,
The Bath Archives
, i. pp. 445–6 (19 December 1812).
123
. Eduard Wertheimer, ‘Wien und das Kriegsjahr 1813’,
Archiv fur österreichische Geschichte
, 79 (1893), 360–1.
124
. Lavalette,
Mémoires
, pp. 282–4; Pion des Loches,
Mes campagnes
, p. 357; Petiteau, ‘Lecture socio-politique de l’empire’, 199–200; Petiteau,
Les Français et l’Empire
, pp. 213–15; Olcina,
L’opinion publique en Belgique
, pp. 50–3.
125
. Delécluze,
Louis David
, p. 340.
126
. See Gotteri (ed.),
La police secrète
, vi. pp. 12, 15, 47, 59, 92 (1–2, 3–4, 14, 18 and 28 January 1813). For the degradation in public opinion for the period 1813–14 see Petiteau,
Les Français et l’Empire
, pp. 212–21; Olcina,
L’opinion publique en Belgique
, p. 55.
127
. It has been estimated, for example, that between 1813 and 1815 more than 1,800 anti-Napoleonic caricatures were printed (Hans Peter Mathis,
Napoleon I im Spiegel der Karikatur
(Zurich, 1998), pp. 38–9).
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