Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (273 page)

Fortress founded in the 3rd century
bc
as a summer residence for the Armenian kings of the Yervandid and Artashesid dynasties. Situated on a naturally defended hilltop above the Azat River. The strongly walled enclosure contains a Greco-Roman temple, probably built by King Trdat III (287–330 bc), a bath-house of the 3rd century
bc
, and the ruins of a two-storey royal palace. Of later date is a round church built in ad 897. An earthquake in ad 1679 damaged the site very badly but reconstruction work between 1969 and 1975 has restored the temple to its former glory.
[Sum.: H. L. Petrosyan , 1988,
Garnin IX–XIV darerum
. Erevan: Haykakan]

 
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Garrod , Dorothy Annie Elizabeth
(1892–1968)
[Bi].

British archaeologist and scholar noted for her work on the Palaeolithic and the first woman to hold an Oxbridge Chair. Born in Oxford she was privately educated before going up to Newnham College, Cambridge, and later Oxford University. In 1925–6 she excavated in Gibraltar, and in 1928 she directed an expedition to South Kurdistan. While a Research Fellow at Newnham between 1929 and 1932 she excavated at Mount Carmel, Israel, where she and Dorothy Bate revealed a long sequence of Lower Palaeolithic and later deposits in the Tabun, El Wad, and Es Skhul caves. In 1934 she was a Leverhulme Research Fellow, and in 1936 President of Section H of the British Association. In 1939 she was appointed to the Disney Chair of Archaeology in Cambridge University, a post she held until 1952, although between 1942 and 1945 she served as section officer in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force. In 1965 she was created CBE. Amongst her numerous publication are
The upper Palaeolithic age in Britain
(1926, Cambridge: CUP) and
The Stone Age of Mount Carmel
with D. M. A. Bate (1937, Oxford: Clarendon Press).
[Obit.:
The Times
, 19 December 1968]

 
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Cultural groupings of the period
c.
1900–1750 bc along the coast of Peru, many of them occupying small villages near productive shell-fish beds. Some inland sites were also occupied at this time, including the ceremonial centre at Chuquitanta, Peru.

 
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Egyptian god, the earth god, represented as a man. A member of the Ennead of Heliopolis, husband of Nut.

 
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Approaches to interpretation that examine the social construction of gender and its representation in the archaeological record. In particular, attention is given to the activities, the relative positions of power and authority, the autonomy, and the symbolic meanings that were attached to males and females in different societies. Developing from this is an interest in how gender relations interact with other social categories such as class, age, ethnicity, religion, and kin. See also
FEMINIST ARCHAEOLOGY
.

 
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See
SYSTEMS THEORY
.

 
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