Connectome (62 page)

by machine,
[>]
,
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and neocortical plasticity,
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and redundant representation,
[>]
–
[>]

and sparse connectivity,
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–
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synapse creation/elimination in,
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Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van,
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–
[>]
,
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Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm

and calculus,
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optimism of,
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–
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and Kurzweil,
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on perception,
[>]
,
[>]
,
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on power of reasoning,
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and soul,
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Leighton, Stephen,
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Lenin, Vladimir, embalmed,
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Levi-Montalcini, Rita,
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LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus),
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,
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Lichtman, Jeff,
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,
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Life extension,
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–
[>]
.
See also
Cryonics; Plastination

Light microscopy,
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,
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serial,
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Limitless Future, The
(promotional video),
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Linear A script,
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Linear B script,
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,
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–
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Lissencephaly,
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–
[>]
,
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Live Long Enough to Live Forever
(Kurzweil),
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–
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Lobotomy,
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Localizationism (cortical or cerebral),
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,
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Broca's discoveries in,
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–
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criticism of,
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and genius,
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–
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and Lashley,
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,
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and symptoms of brain injury,
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–
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Wernicke's discoveries in,
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–
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Loci, method of,
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Locke, John,
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,
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,
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–
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Lock-and-key metaphor for neurotransmission,
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,
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,
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Loewi, Otto,
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Longitudinal fissure,
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,
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Lorente de Nó, Rafael,
[>]

Lost languages,
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–
[>]

Machine learning,
[>]
,
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Machines

bodies viewed as,
[>]
,
[>]

and Leibniz on perception,
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and reanimation,
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Magic bullet,
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,
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
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–
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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–
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,
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–
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Magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion (dMRI),
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,
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–
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,
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Magnetic resonance imaging, functional (fMRI),
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–
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,
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,
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,
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–
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,
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Map(s),
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–
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,
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Mapping of brain

electrical stimulation for,
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,
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–
[>]

of white-matter axons,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]

See also
Brodmann's map

Markram, Henry,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of,
[>]

Materialism, doctrine of,
[>]

uploader's rebuke to,
[>]
–
[>]

Maupassant, Guy de,
[>]

Max Planck Institute for Medical Research,
[>]

Max Planck Society,
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Mazur, Peter,
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“Meaning of life,” and transhumanism,
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Mechanism, doctrine of,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

uploader's rebuke to,
[>]
–
[>]

Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN),
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Medial temporal lobe (MTL),
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–
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and memory,
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–
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Medications.
See
Drugs

Memory(ies),
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–
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,
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and association,
[>]
,
[>]
,
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–
[>]
,
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–
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,
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of birds,
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and case of H.M.,
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and CA3 region,
[>]
,
[>]
,
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connectionist theory of,
[>]

and connectomes,
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memories read from,
[>]
,
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,
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–
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,
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,
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memories read from (birds),
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–
[>]

memories read from (dead humans),
[>]
,
[>]

MTL prominent in,
[>]
–
[>]

“crystallized,”
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difficulty in testing hypotheses on,
[>]
–
[>]

dual-trace theory of,
[>]
–
[>]

and stability-plasticity dilemma,
[>]
–
[>]

“grounding” of,
[>]
–
[>]

and hippocampus,
[>]

and information overload,
[>]

and material structure,
[>]
–
[>]

and persistence of synaptic changes,
[>]

and persistent spiking,
[>]
–
[>]

and reconnection,
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–
[>]

and reweighting,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
–
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and sparse connectivity,
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types of

declarative (explicit),
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–
[>]
,
[>]

nondeclarative (implicit),
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–
[>]

and “white paper” metaphor,
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Mendel, Gregor,
[>]
–
[>]

Mental disorders and disabilities,
[>]
,
[>]

Alzheimer's,
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
,
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autism,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
,
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–
[>]
(
see also
Autism)

and behavior change,
[>]
–
[>]

bipolar disorder,
[>]

and brain connectivity (MRI as finding correlations),
[>]

and connectomes,
[>]

as connectopathies,
[>]
,
[>]

and defects in proteins,
[>]

depression,
[>]
,
[>]

drugs for,
[>]
–
[>]
(
see also
Drugs)

antidepressants,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]

development of,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

for neurodegenerative disorders,
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]

infectious,
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–
[>]
,
[>]

investment in therapies for,
[>]

lissencephaly,
[>]
–
[>]

methods of search for,
[>]
–
[>]

microcephaly,
[>]

nature vs. nurture in,
[>]
–
[>]

obsessive-compulsive disorder,
[>]
,
[>]

schizophrenia,
[>]
,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]
(
see also
Schizophrenia)

studies of with animals,
[>]
–
[>]

studies of from balanced populations,
[>]

syphilis,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]

Tourette's syndome,
[>]

treatment of

and connectopathies,
[>]

drugs in,
[>]
–
[>]

for neurodevelopmental disorders,
[>]
–
[>]

optimism about,
[>]
–
[>]

question of abuse of,
[>]

timing in,
[>]

training regimens in,
[>]

See also
Brain disorders; Neurodegenerative disorders; Neurodevelopmental disorders

Merge error,
[>]

Merkle, Ralph,
[>]

Method of loci,
[>]

Methuselah Foundation,
[>]

MGN (medial geniculate nucleus),
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Microbiology, Leeuwenhoek as father of,
[>]

Microcephaly, congenital,
[>]
,
[>]

Microscopic organisms, and microscope,
[>]

Microscopy,
[>]
,
[>]

for connectome exploration,
[>]

of dead brains,
[>]

differential interference contrast (DIC),
[>]

electron,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
(
see also
Electron microscope)

serial electron,
[>]
–
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,
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–
[>]
,
[>]
,
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,
[>]

and Leeuwenhoek,
[>]

light,
[>]
,
[>]

serial,
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transmission electron,
[>]

Microtomes,
[>]

Mind reading,
[>]

Minds

and connectomes,
[>]

difference in due to connectomes,
[>]

See also
Self

“Mind uploading.”
See
Computer simulation; “Uploading”

Minos (king of Crete) and Minotaur,
[>]
,
[>]

Minsky, Marvin,
[>]

Miracles,
[>]
–
[>]

modern,
[>]

Miswiring,
[>]
,
[>]

Mitchell, Silas Weir,
[>]

Modha, Dharmendra,
[>]
–
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]

Molaison, Henry Gustav,
[>]

Monkey cortex

connections between visual areas of,
[>]
,
[>]

map of,
[>]
,
[>]

Moore, Gordon,
[>]

Moore's Law,
[>]
,
[>]
,
[>]