Data and Goliath (51 page)

entire areas of knowledge:
Steven Aftergood (Oct 1999), “Government secrecy and knowledge production: A survey
of some general issues,” in
Secrecy and Knowledge Production
, ed. Judith Reppy, Cornell University Peace Studies Program Occasional Paper #23,
http://large.stanford.edu/publications/crime/references/dennis/occasional-paper23.pdf.
Francis B. Kapper (Oct 1999), “The role of government in the production and control
of scientific and technical knowledge,” ibid. Koen Vermeir and Daniel Margocsy (Jun
2012), “States of secrecy: An introduction,”
British Journal of the History of Science
45, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8608487&fileId=S
000
7087412
000
052.

After 9/11, we generalized:
Peter Galison (Autumn 2004), “Removing knowledge,”
Critical Inquiry
31, http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsdept/bios/docs/Removing%20Knowledge.pdf.

No one knows the exact number:
Ibid.

almost 5 million people:
US Office of Management and Budget (Feb 2014), “Suitability and security processes
review,” http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/omb/suitsec-2014.pdf.

all the details of NSA surveillance:
Director of National Intelligence Clapper: “Disclosure of this still-classified information
regarding the scope and operational details of N.S.A. intelligence activities implicated
by plaintiffs’ allegations could be expected to cause extremely grave damage to the
national security of the United States.” James R. Clapper (20 Dec 2013), “Public declaration
of James R. Clapper, Director of National Intelligence,”
Jewel et al. v. National Security Agency et al.
(08-cv-4873-JSW;
Shubert, et al., v. Obama, et al.
(07-cv-693-JSW), United States District Court for the Northern District of California,
http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/1220/DNI%20Clapper%202013%20Jewel%20Shubert%20SSP%20Unclassified%20Signed%20Declaration.pdf.

You weren’t even allowed:
Post-Snowden, the secret FISA Court has declassified many of its more general rulings.
Another thing that would never have happened had Snowden not done what he did.

police requests for cell phone:
Jennifer Valentino-DeVries (2 Jun 2014), “Sealed court files obscure rise in electronic
surveillance,”
Wall Street Journal
, http://online.wsj.com/news/article_email/sealed-court-files-obscure-rise-in-electronic-surveillance-1401761770-lMyQjAxMTA0MDAwMzEwNDMyWj.

The UK police won’t even admit:
Joseph Cox (7 Aug 2014), “UK police won’t admit they’re tracking people’s phone calls,”
Vice
, http://motherboard.vice.com/read/uk-police-wont-admit-theyre-tracking-peoples-phone-calls.

Those who receive such a letter:
This is a fascinating first-person account of what it’s like to receive a National
Security Letter. It was published anonymously, but was later revealed to be the work
of Internet Archive founder Brewster Kahle. Anonymous (23 Mar 2007), “My National
Security Letter gag order,”
Washington Post
, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/22/AR2007032201882.html.

the reason the FBI:
Kim Zetter (3 Mar 2014), “Florida cops’ secret weapon: Warrantless cellphone tracking,”
Wired
, http://www.wired.com/2014/03/stingray. Kim Zetter (4 Mar 2014), “Police contract
with spy tool maker prohibits talking about device’s use,”
Wired
, http://www.wired.com/2014/03/harris-stingray-nda.

local police departments refuse:
Darwin Bond-Graham and Ali Winston (30 Oct 2013), “All tomorrow’s crimes: The future
of policing looks a lot like good branding,”
SF
Weekly
, http://www.sfweekly.com/2013-10-30/news/predpol-sfpd-predictive-policing-compstat-lapd/full.

The US has a complex:
Jennifer K. Elsea (10 Jan 2013), “The protection of classified information: The legal
framework,” Congressional Research Service, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/RS21900.pdf.

The executive branch abuses:
Carrie Newton Lyons (2007), “The state secrets privilege: Expanding its scope through
government misuse,”
Lewis and Clark Law Review
99, http://www.fas.org/sgp/jud/statesec/lyons.pdf. Sudha Setty (Jul 2012), “The rise
of national security secrets,”
Connecticut Law Review
44, http://connecticutlawreview.org/files/2012/09/5.Setty-FINAL.pdf. D. A. Jeremy
Telman (Mar 2012), “Intolerable abuses: Rendition for torture and the state secrets
privilege,”
Alabama Law Review
63, http://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1136&context=law_fac_pubs.

The executive branch keeps secrets:
Eric Lichtblau and Scott Shane (9 Jul 2006), “Ally warned Bush on keeping spying
from Congress,”
New York Times
, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/09/washington/09hoekstra.html. Scott Shane (11 Jul
2009), “Cheney is linked to concealment of C.I.A. project,”
New Yo
rk Times
, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/us/politics/12intel.html. Paul Lewis (31 Jul 2013),
“White House unable to confirm if Congress briefed on NSA spy program,”
Guardian
, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/white-house-congress-nsa-xkeyscore.

The NSA keeps secrets:
Barton Gellman (15 Aug 2013), “What to say, and not to say, to ‘our overseers,’”
Washington Post
, http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/what-to-say-and-not-to-say-to-our-overseers/390.

including Congress:
Glenn Greenwald (4 Aug 2013), “Members of Congress denied access to basic information
about NSA,”
Guardian
, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/04/congress-nsa-denied-access.

keep secrets from the rest of Congress:
Spencer Ackerman (14 Aug 2013), “Intelligence committee urged to explain if they
withheld crucial NSA document,”
Guardian
, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/14/nsa-intelligence-committee-under-pressure-document.

Secret courts keep their own secrets:
Charlie Savage and Laura Poitras (11 Mar 2014), “How a court secretly evolved, extending
U.S. spies’ reach,”
New York Times
, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/12/us/how-a-courts-secret-evolution-extended-spies-reach.html.

even the Supreme Court:
Emily Peterson (30 Sep 2011), “Under seal: Secrets at the Supreme Court,” Reporters
Committee for Freedom of the Press, http://www.rcfp.org/browse-media-law-resources/news-media-law/news-media-law-summer-2011/under-seal-secrets-supreme-cour.

President Obama has been:
Cora Currier (30 Jul 2013), “Charting Obama’s
crackdown on national security leaks,”
Pro Publica
, http://www.propublica.org/special/sealing-loose-lips-charting-obamas-crackdown-on-national-security-leaks.

only three previous prosecutions:
Leonard Downie Jr. and Sara Rafsky (Oct 2013), “Leak investigations and surveillance
in post-9/11 America,” Committee to Protect Journalists, https://www.cpj.org/reports/2013/10/obama-and-the-press-us-leaks-surveillance-post-911.php.
David Pozen (20 Dec 2013), “The leaky leviathan: Why the government condemns and condones
unlawful disclosures of information,”
Harvard Law Review
127, http://harvardlawreview.org/2013/12/the-leaky-leviathan-why-the-government-condemns-and-condones-unlawful-disclosures-of-information.

Thomas Drake, an NSA whistleblower:
Daniel Ellsberg (30 May 2014), “Snowden would not get a fair trial—and Kerry is wrong,”
Guardian
, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/30/daniel-ellsberg-snowden-fair-trial-kerry-espionage-act.

Chelsea Manning was prohibited:
David Dishneau (20 Jul 2012), “Manning largely barred from discussing WikiLeaks harm,”
Associated Press, http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2018724246_apusmanningwikileaks.html.

Edward Snowden claims:
The country is fairly evenly divided on this point. Seth Motel (15 Apr 2014), “NSA
coverage wins Pulitzer, but Americans remain divided on Snowden leaks,” Pew Research
Center, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/04/15/nsa-coverage-wins-pulitzer-but-americans-remain-divided-on-snowden-leaks.

John Kerry insisted that:
Jonathan Topaz (28 May 2014), “John Kerry: Edward Snowden a ‘coward . . . traitor,’”
Politico
, http://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/edward-snowden-coward-john-kerry-msnbc-interview-nsa-107157.html.

Hillary Clinton proclaimed:
Phoebe Greenwood (4 Jul 2014), “Edward Snowden should have right to legal defense
in US, says Hillary Clinton,”
Guardian
, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/04/edward-snowden-legal-defence-hillary-clinton-interview.

Both comments are examples:
Daniel Ellsberg (30 May 2014), “Snowden would not get a fair trial—and Kerry is wrong,”
Guardian
, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/30/daniel-ellsberg-snowden-fair-trial-kerry-espionage-act.
Trevor Timm (23 Dec 2013), “If Snowden returned to US for trial, could court admit
any NSA leak evidence?”
Boing Boing
, http://boingboing.net/2013/12/23/snowden.html.

His anger set off a series:
Nate Anderson (13 May 2014), “How a mayor’s quest to unmask a foul-mouthed Twitter
user blew up in his face,”
Ars Technica
, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/05/how-a-mayors-quest-to-unmask-a-foul-mouthed-twitter-user-blew-up-in-his-face.
Kim Zetter (12 Jun 2014), “ACLU sues after Illinois mayor has cops raid guy parodying
him on Twitter,”
Wired
, http://www.wired.com/2014/06/peoria-mayor-twitter-parody.

police in New Jersey routinely:
Jenna Portnoy (19 Mar 2014), “Attorney General to State Police: Stop photographing
protesters at Chris Christie town halls,”
Star-Ledger
, http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/03/attorney_general_to_state_police_stop_photographing_protesters_at_chris_christie_town_halls.html.

the CIA illegally hacked:
Mark Mazzetti and Carl Hulse (31 Jul 2014), “Inquiry by CIA affirms it spied on Senate
panel,”
New York Times
, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/01/world/senate-intelligence-commitee-cia-interrogation-report.html.

the NSA had been spying:
Laura Poitras,
Marcel Rosenbach, and Holger Stark (26 Aug 2013), “Codename ‘Apalachee’: How America
spies on Europe and the UN,”
Der Spiegel
, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/secret-nsa-documents-show-how-the-us-spies-on-europe-and-the-un-a-918625.html.

two intercept operators in 2008:
Brian Ross, Vic Walter, and Anna Schecter (9 Oct 2008), “Inside account of U.S. eavesdropping
on Americans,”
ABC News Nightline
, http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/exclusive-inside-account-us-eavesdropping-americans/story?id=5987804.

again from Snowden in 2014:
Cyrus Farivar (17 Jul 2014), “Snowden: NSA employees routinely pass around intercepted
nude photos,”
Ars Technica
, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/07/snowden-nsa-employees-routinely-pass-around-intercepted-nude-photos.

agents sometimes spy on people:
Siobhan Gorman (23 Aug 2013), “NSA officers spy on love interests,”
Wall Street Journal Washington Wire
, http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/08/23/nsa-officers-sometimes-spy-on-love-interests.

the agency broke its own privacy rules:
US National Security Agency (3 May 2012), “NSAW SID intelligence oversight quarterly
report: First quarter calendar year 2012 (1 Jan–31 Mar 2012),” http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB436/docs/EBB-044.pdf.

the real number is probably:
The NSA is deliberately not automating its auditing system, which means it finds
only as many violations as it decides to put people on the task. Marcy Wheeler (20
Aug 2013), “If NSA commits database query violations, but nobody audits them, do they
really happen?”
Empty Wheel
, http://www.emptywheel.net/2013/08/20/if-nsa-commits-database-query-violations-but-nobody-audits-them-do-they-really-happen.

tried to induce him:
Shaun Usher (5 Jan 2012), “Like all frauds your end is approaching,”
Letters of Note
, http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/01/king-like-all-frauds-your-end-is.html.

the FBI’s COINTELPRO:
US Senate (26 Apr 1976), “Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental
Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, Book II:
Intelligence activities and the rights of Americans,” US Government Printing Office,
p. 213, https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel02unit.

US has spied on the Occupy:
Michael S. Schmidt and Colin Moynihan (24 Dec 2012), “FBI counterterrorism agents
monitored Occupy movement, records show,”
New York Times
, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/25/nyregion/occupy-movement-was-investigated-by-fbi-counterterrorism-agents-records-show.html.
Beau Hodai (9 Jun 2013), “Government surveillance of Occupy movement,”
Sourcewatch
, http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Government_Surveillance_of_Occupy_Movement.

pro- and anti-abortion activists:
Charlie Savage and Scott Shane (16 Dec 2009), “Intelligence improperly collected
on U.S. citizens,”
New York Times
, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/17/us/17disclose.html.

peace activists:
American Civil Liberties Union (25 Oct 2006), “ACLU uncovers FBI surveillance of
Maine peace activists,” https://www.aclu.org/national-security/aclu-uncovers-fbi-surveillance-maine-peace-activists.