Delphi (59 page)

55
. Amandry and Hansen 2010: 145–47.

56
. Jacquemin
203
; Jacquemin 1999: 79.

57
. Meritt 1947, Vatin 1962: 240–41.

58
. Vatin 1962: 240.

59
. Ibid., 241.

CHAPTER 12. THE JOURNEY CONTINUES

1
. Claud. 4.2.5; IV
Cons. Hon
. 144 (AD 398); Parke and Wormell 1956a: 290. The city was well-known enough to catch the attention of the Emperor Theodosius II in 424
AD
:
Cod. Theod.
15.5.4; Vatin 1962: 229. For a discussion of the image of Delphi in Christian texts: Déroche 1986: 153–59. Discussion of slow absorption of pagan beliefs, see Spieser 1976.

2
. Gymnasium: Pentazos 1992a. Habitation around Apollo sanctuary: Déroche 1986: 143–45. Perimeter of Apollo sanctuary: in particular the buildings to the south of the Apollo sanctuary employed parts of the Sicyonian treasury in their masonry. The number of baths is also high, perhaps due to the ease of accessing water sources at the site: Déroche 1986: 143–45, Déroche 1996: 184–86.

3
. Redevelopment of northern sector of Apollo sanctuary: Laurent 1899: 271, Bommelaer 1991: 101, Déroche 1996: 183. Development of Apollo sanctuary into commercial center: Bommelaer 1991: 92. For the development of habitation around the south of the Apollo sanctuary: Bommelaer 1991: 237, Maass 1997: 74–75. For the Roman agora: Daux 1965: 1049, Amandry 1981a: 724. Sacred way: Déroche 1986: 130–37, Picard 1991: 192. And indeed the name “sacred way” has no ancient precedent at all. It was probably constructed in order to allow access for wagons to the heart of the site: Déroche 1996: 183.

4
. Pagan motifs in fifth-century Christian architectural fragments: Laurent 1899: 207, 269–71. See Déroche 1992. Delphians trying to attract Christian worshipers, see Dyggve 1948.

5
. Organic growth of Christian worship at Delphi: Spieser 1976: 317. No basilica before
AD
450: Déroche 1986: 115.

6
. Basilica to the west: Daux 1960: 752–55, Déroche 1986: 15–33. Basilica in the gymnasium: Déroche 1986: 34–57, Bommelaer 1991: 73–4. Basilica in the sanctuary: Déroche 1986: 58–91. For the basilica to the west (basilica “of the new village”): the ornate mosaic floor was discovered and excavated in 1959–60. Its foundations had been partly ruined when the new village of Castri was constructed in the nineteenth century. The structure seems to have originally employed reused blocks from the Apollo sanctuary, including parts of a monument dedicated by the Boeotians in the fourth century
BC
. The mosaic is now on display outside the museum at Delphi: Daux 1960: 752–55, Bommelaer 1991: 237–38.

7
. Position of basilica inside Apollo sanctuary: Déroche 1986: 89. Rich and ornate style: Déroche 1986: 91. See Spieser 1976: 316–17, Taplin 1989: 16, Bommelaer 1991: 24. Basilica for the bishop is located on the spot of the later church of Saint-Nicholas (which survived in the modern village of Castri until the excavations in the later nineteenth century): Bommelaer 1991: 44. Mosaic underneath chapel of St George: Goffinet 1962, Bommelaer 1991: 237.

8
. There are also a large number of tombs from this period in the area around Delphi: Déroche 1986: 145. For the Christianization of Olympia (the workshop of Pheidias became the Christian basilica rather than the temple of Zeus): Spieser 1976: 324. Nondestruction of temple of Apollo: Déroche 1986: 127, 146.

9
. Déroche 1986: 135–37, 143, Bommelaer 1991: 101–102.

10
. Lamp with Christ and snake: Dyggve 1948: 9–28, Goffinet 1962: 260. St. George mosaic: Goffinet 1962, Bommelaer 1991: 237.

11
. Contraction of area covered by inhabitants: Déroche 1996: 186–88. Plague of Justinian and invasion: Déroche 1986: 147, Déroche 1996: 186.

12
. Defensive wall across the gymnasium: Bommelaer 1991: 44. Final layer showing abandonment: Déroche 1986: 149–50, Déroche 1996: 187.

13
. Colin 1981: 531, Hellmann 1992: 20. For this period of Delphic rediscovery, see also: Déroche 1986: 163–67, Maass 1997: 232–36.

14
. Taplin argues the name Castri to have come from the Latin
castra
, echoing the village's survival within the ancient “fortification” walls surviving from the old settlement and sanctuary of Delphi. From the time of the Fourth Crusade through to 1460, Castri belonged to the Dukes of Salona (old Amphissa): Taplin 1989: 16–17.

15
. While the physical location of Delphi had been forgotten, the legend of Delphi's oracle had not. In Shakespeare's
A Winter's Tale
the oracle of Delphos is an island—often thought to have been Delos: Taplin 1989: 18.

16
. Humanist movement: Stonemann 2010: 25. Suspicion of Eastern Orthodox church: according to Pope Innocent III (AD 1160–1216), the Greeks were “worse than Saracens”: Etienne and Etienne 1992: 23.

17
. Best sellers: Stonemann 2010: 22–23. For Cyriac's goals, see the surviving fragments of Cyriac's
Commentary on Ancient Things
; Etienne and Etienne 1992: 26. Cyriac's task: as observed by Francesco Filelfo (AD 1398–1481); Stonemann 2010: 27.

18
. Hellmann 1992: 15, 20, Mulliez 2007: 134–35.

19
. Stonemann 2010: 36.

20
. Important period for interest in ancient Greece, see Stonemann 2010: 38–80, Constantine 2011: 3–6. Use of the term “archaeology”: see the preface to Spon's work on epigraphy
Miscellanae eruditae antiquitatis
; Etienne and Etienne 1992: 38, Constantine 2011: 7–33. Reflections on the gymnasium: volume II, 51, in J. Spon 1678
Voyage d'Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grèce et du Levant, fait aux années 1675 et 1676
(three volumes), G. Wheler 1682
A Journey into Greece
; Mulliez 2007: 135.

21
. Society of Dilettanti: Letter to Horace Mann, 14th April 1783; Stonemann 2010: 120–21. Use of inscriptions: Stonemann 2010: 108.

22
. The call: J. Stuart and N. Revett 1762–1816
The Antiquities of Athens
(four volumes); Stonemann 2010: 122. See Soros 2006. Stones of the temple terrace wall: Stuart and Revett
The Antiquities of Athens
(volume IV, 7); Hellmann 1992: 21.

23
. For examples of the scornful reaction to the gusto Greco, see Sir William Chambers 1759
Treatise of Civil Architecture
; Stonemann 2010: 116, 121. For the English translation of Winckelmann's key text by H. Fusseli and published in 1765, see
Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks: With Instructions for the Connoisseur, and an Essay on Grace in Works of Art.
See Schnapp 1996: 260–64, Constantine 2011: 106–42. Richard Chandler 1776
Travels in Greece or an Account of a Tour Made at the Expense of the Society of Dilettanti
(pp. 264–71); Hellmann 1992: 21.

24
. Hellmann 1992: 20. See also Jacob Spon in the epigraph to this chapter.

25
. See Edward Clarke 1818
Travels I–VIII;
Otter 1825, Stonemann 2010: 154. Painting: see Tsigakou 1981: 29. Mapping Greece: W. M. Leake 1821
The
Topography of Athens
; 1824
Journals of a Tour in Asia Minor
; 1830
Travels in the Morea I–III
; 1835
Travels in Northern Greece
; 1846
Peloponnesiaca.

26
. See, “Antiquity is a garden that belongs by natural right to those who cultivate its fruits,” Captain de Verninac Saint Maur, commander of expedition to bring the Luxor obelisk to Paris; Stonemann 2010: 165.

27
. William Gell 1827
The Itinerary of Greece, Containing One Hundred Routes in Attica, Boeotia, Phocis, Locris and Thessaly
(his drawings are in the British Museum). George Hamilton and Henry Raikes: Amandry 1981b, Hellmann 1992: 25–31. Sir William Hamilton and Lord Nelson: Dyson 2006: 160, Stonemann 2010: 169.

28
. Argument between Elgin and the Dilettanti: Stonemann 2010: 177. See St. Claire 1984. Byron at Delphi: Hellmann 1992: 31.

29
. Borst 1948, Eliot 1967, Hellmann 1992: 31–35.

30
. Pierre Augustin Guys 1771
Voyage litteraire de la Grèce ou lettres sur les Grecs anciens et moderns, avec un parallèle de leurs moeurs
; see Constantine 2011: 151–87. War of Independence: see Etienne and Etienne 1992: 85.

31
. Sarcophagus of Meleager: Pentazos 1992b: 55. First complete description of site: Hellmann 1992: 16, 36. F. Thiersch 1840
Über die Topographie von Delphi
in
Abb. Der philo.-philolog. Classe der königl. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
III, I, 1–74. Visit of King Otto and Queen Amelie: Hellmann 1992: 36, Stonemann 2010: 244. See also L. Ross 1851
Wanderungen in Griechenland im Gefolge des Königs Otto und der Königin Amalie, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Topographie und Geschichte.
Petition for small museum: Pentazos 1992b: 55. Illegal to give as a dowry: Mulliez 2007: 138.

32
. Andréas Moustoxydis: Pentazos 1992b: 55. See also A. Moustoxydis 1834
Ionios Anthologia
I, 151–78. Prince Hermann: Mulliez 2007: 136. See also Prince de Pukler Muskau 1840
Entre l'Europe et l'Asie. Voyage dans l'Archipel, traduit de l'Allemand par Jean Cohen
I, 50–64.

33
. Stoll 1979: 229–33, Hellmann 1992: 16, 40, Mulliez 2007: 137.

34
. The call to repair the village: Pentazos 1992b: 56–58. Dimos Frangos: Mulliez 2007: 138.

35
. Curtius 1843, Hellmann 1992: 16.

36
. Interest in Olympia: see Kyrieleis 2007. Lecture by Curtius: Stonemann 2010: 253–64.

37
. Kyriakos Pittakos: Pentazos 1992b: 60. French school in Athens: its aims, at its foundation, was to provide an opportunity for scholars to read ancient texts
in situ, but also to provide a broader base for humanist, philhellenic, artistic, archaeological, philological, and political interaction between France and Greece: Stonemann 2010: 251. Committee of Antiquaries: Skorda 1992a: 61–64.

38
. Skorda 1992a: 64–67.

39
. The 1870s, see Hellmann 1992: 50. Dealing with Dimos Frangos: Amandry 1992a: 106, Skorda 1992a: 68. In essence, they paid for one house one-tenth of the money raised by the Greek Archaeological Society for the expropriation of the whole site in 1872. The property's real value was more like one hundred drachmas.

40
. Request at the Congress of Berlin: Skorda 1992a: 68. 1880 excavation: Amandry 1992a: 78. 1881 agreement: Amandry 1992a: 81, Mulliez 2007: 138.

41
. American and British Schools: see Thomas 1988: 174. Greek Archaeological Society: Amandry 1992a: 141, Dassios 1992: 129.

42
. Amandry 1992a: 82–93, 112.

43
. Greek enthusiasm for the deal: see Hellmann 1992: 52. French, German, and American enthusiasm for Delphi: Amandry 1992a: 95–102, Hellmann 1992: 53, see also Constantine 2011: 133.

44
. Amandry 1992a: 104–109.

45
. Ibid., 1992a: 110–16, Kolonia 1992: 194.

46
. Etienne and Etienne 1992: 105.

47
. Homolle 1893: 185; Amandry 1992: 118–22; Jacquemin 1992: 178; Mulliez 2007: 141.

48
. Amandry 1992a: 122.

EPILOGUE

1
. Delphi as important part of wider investigation into ancient world, see Mulliez 2007. Among many other claims to fame, the site has been particularly important for our understanding of the development of archaic sculpture: Croissant 2000: 338–41.See For the journal of the big dig, see Jacquemin 1992a. To see the original journals online:
http://www.efa.gr/Documentation/Arch_man/doc_arch_man_ligne.htm
.

2
. Construction and destruction: see Bommelaer 1991: 24, Amandry 1992a: 140. Use of church as school: Kolonia 1992: 195, Mulliez 2007: 141.

3
. Jacquemin 1992a: 163, Radet 1992: 144–46.

4
. Pre-excavation finds: Hellmann 1992: 42, 49. Initial inscriptions: now Rhodes and Osborne 2003: No. 1. Sculptural finds: Jacquemin 1992; Kolonia 1992: 196; Mulliez 2007: 145–47.

5
. Radet 1992.

6
. Bommelaer, Pentazos and Picard 1992: 205–207, Jacquemin 1999: 281.

7
. Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 205. In reality, the excavations reports have continued unabated right into the twenty-first century: The archaeological excavation of Delphi has been published in the
Fouilles de Delphes
series (still in separate tomes: I. History of the City of Delphi (nothing has yet appeared in this one); II. Topography and Architecture; III. Epigraphy; IV. Sculpture; V. Small objects), with inscriptions republished in the
Corpus d'inscriptions de Delphes
(4 volumes), alongside countless journal articles and several edited volumes (including
BCH Supplement
volumes), combined with a larger number of monographs focusing on different aspects of the sanctuary, its architecture, inscriptions, and art. For a general (but now out-of-date) overview, see: Bommelaer 1991: 9–11.The original Olympia publication series (
Olympia
) has also been greatly expanded by two new series of excavation reports
Olympia Bericht
and
Olympia Forschungen
, alongside an equal number of articles, edited volumes, and monographs.

8
. See Croissant 2000: 333.

9
. Kolonia 1992: 201. The excavators grumbled “that not even the little finger of any fourth century
BC
temple sculpture had been found”: Radet 1992: 147, Croissant 2000: 334.

10
. Archives of the Ephoria of Delphi; Kolonia 1992: 201.

11
. Bommelaer, Pentazos, and Picard 1992: 210–11.

12
. Keramopoullos 1912.

13
. See also Emilie Bourguet's magisterial early synthesis of the sanctuary: Bourguet 1914. See also Bommelaer, Pentazos and Picard 1992: 205–10, 213, 219. For Pomtow's continuing publications, see, for example: Pomtow 1909, Pomtow 1918.