Delphi (55 page)

21
. Control over council: Flacelière 1937: 49–50. The Amphictony council was still functioning (it recognized the games in Alexandria in honor of Ptolemy Soter in 279
BC
), as was the city of Delphi (it established a convention with Pellana during the 280s:
FD
III 1 486). Indeed the third century
BC
would be the city's most diplomatically active century: 326 honorific decrees were given out between 279–200
BC
compared to 141 in the period 400–279
BC
: Jacquemin 1999: 78. Failure of war to “free” Delphi: Just.
Epit.
24.1.1; Paus. 10.37.5. See Bourguet 1911: 488. Aetolian victory dedication: Jacquemin 1999: 63.

22
. See Paus. 10.22–24; Just.
Epit.
24.6–8. See also reference to Gauls in Callim.
Hymn 4
.183–85. For numbers: Flacelière 1937: 103.

23
. Leave things as they are: Parke and Wormell
329.
Successful defeat of the invasion: Parke and Wormell 1956a: 255. For more on the Gaulish invasion and later celebration by the Aetolians of its defeat: Nachtergael 1977.

24
. Diod. Sic. 5.32.5; Strabo relates that the gold taken from Delphi supposedly traveled as far as Toulouse: Strabo 4.1.13.

25
. Sources for war: Segre 1929. Delight at Delphi's survival: Cos:
Syll
³
398 1.1–25; Honors for helping with return of the money:
Syll
³
405, 406, 416, 417, 418, and
FD
III 1 189 (all 275–71
BC
). Gaulish shields on the temple: Paus. 10.19.4. The Gaulish invasion became a mental marker in history: Polybius used it as a point around which to date less important events (e.g., Polyb. 1.6.5, 2.20.6), and Cicero refers to it as the moment when the Gauls set out to “plunder Pythian Apollo and the oracle of the whole world” Cic.
Font.
14.30.

26
. Phocian statue: Jacquemin
402.
Aetolians as saviors: Flacelière 1937: 93, 98, 112, 258, Parke and Wormell 1956a: 258–59, Jacquemin 1999: 256. Place in Amphictyonic records: Flacelière 1937: 113.

27
. The Aetolians erected a monument to their victory at the other sanctuary around which their koinon was based, at Thermon, but their commemoration at Delphi was, understandably, more vocal than anywhere else: Flacelière 1937: 107–108. For discussion of the west stoa: Amandry 1978: 751–81, Amandry 1981a: 729–32, Bousquet 1985, Bommelaer 1991: 218–19, Perrier 2011.

28
. Female Aetolia: Courby 1927: 288–91, Bommelaer 1991: 223, Partida 2009: 296. The placement of this monument on the west end of the temple terrace (as opposed to the east end, which had been popular since the time of the Persian Wars) suggests that the west stoa (which opened onto the west end of the temple terrace) also performed the function of some kind of major (ceremonial?) access point to the sanctuary from the city, rather than being simply a dead-end annex to the sanctuary as it often appears on modern maps: Perrier 2011: 48. Statue base on temple terrace: Courby 1927: 291–99. Statues of chiefs: Paus. 10.15.2; Statue of general: Paus. 10.16.4.

29
. The same picture holds true for Delphian awards of promanteia as well: Pouilloux 1952, Arnush 2005: 108–109.

30
. Athenians: Jacquemin 1999: 229. Chians: Amandry 1986: 205–18, Bommelaer 1991: 173–75. Later stele erected around the altar: Jacquemin 1999: 223. Rearrangement of sanctuary: Bommelaer 1991: 146.

31
. Soteria: Flacelière 1937: 107, Roux 1976: 201, Fontenrose 1988: 137, Bommelaer 1991: 29. New popularity for Delphi: Fontenrose 1988: 137, Valavanis 2004: 222. Lists of those giving hospitality to the Delphic theoroi sent out to announce the games are substantial in this period: Plassart 1921, Daux 1980: 120–122. At some point in the third century
BC
, new powers were endorsed for the protection of people at Amphictyonic meetings, Pythian or Soterian festivals, giving magistrates full powers to prosecute anyone committing an offence:
CID
IV 51.

32
. Hellenistic kings' focus on Delos and Samos: Bommelaer 1991: 22, Jacquemin 1999: 78. Although Sostratus of Cnidus did put up statues of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II at Delphi 275–70
BC
: Jacquemin
120
, and a statue of Seleucius II (246–26
BC
) was erected by an unknown dedicator near the statue of Aetolia at the west end of the temple terrace: Jacquemin
515
; Bommelaer 1991: 225. Absences of Western Mediterranean: Jacquemin 1999: 74–78.

33
. For the same argument regarding the attraction of Delphi and Delos during the archaic period (but in reverse), see: Roux 1984. See Jacquemin 1999: 256.

34
. Jacquemin
386, 386.
See Bousquet 1952a.

35
.
FD
III 4 178; Paus. 10.16.6; Courby 1927: 312.

36
. Grants from the Amphictyony:
CID
IV 12; Flacelière 1937: 120–22. Symbiosis of Apollo Patroos and Apollo Pythios in Athens: Daux 1940: 262, Parke and Wormell 1956a.

37
. Plut.
Vit. Marc.
8; Parke and Wormell 1956a: 270.

38
. Flacelière 1937: 179–89. Possible alliance with Athens:
IG
IX 1
²
176—date disputed, see discussion in Flacelière 1937: 190. For a broader view of the complex
military and political maneuvers of this period: Walbank 1981, Malcolm Errington 2008.

39
. See Flacelière 1937: 208, 227, 228.

40
. One large festival: the Aetolian invitation to the world to come and celebrate their Soteria:
IG
IX I
²
194a. Their declaration of its isoPythian status: Fontenrose 1988: 137. See Bommelaer 1991: 29. Stadium refitting: Bommelaer 1991: 215. See Valavanis 2004: 190. See also to records of works before the Pythia in c. 250
BC
(for discussion on date see
CID
IV p. 24):
CID
II 139;
CID
IV 57; Pouilloux 1977, Le Graff 2010.

41
. Athens:
Syll
³
408; Chios:
Syll
³
402; Tenos:
FD
III 1 482; Cycladic city:
FD
III 1 481; Smryna
FD
III 1 483. For discussion of the dating, which is argued to be either from original institution of the Soteria c. 274
BC
, or from its reorganization c. 242
BC
: Flacelière 1937: 125, 135–48, Parke and Wormell 1956a: 259. The lists of Soteria participants and winners were also now being inscribed and publicized in the sanctuary: e.g.,
CID
IV 31, 42, 45, 47, 48, 53, 55 (participants) and
CID
IV 61, 67, 73, 75, 79, 84, 89 (winners) during the period 270–20
BC
(participants come from mostly before 242
BC
and winners mostly after). One of these victor lists was inscribed on the reverse side of a stele originally placed inscribed and placed in the sanctuary in the fifth century
BC
: Jacquemin 1999: 226.

42
. Individual Aetolian dedications all date from after the middle of the century: Jacquemin 1999: 64. Invention of two column monument: Flacelière 1937: 266, Partida 2009: 274–96. Aristaineta: Jacquemin
297
; Charixenus: Jacquemin
298.
The Aetolian Lycus also dedicated in the sanctuary 250–25
BC
, alongside other anonymous Aetolians: Jacquemin
299, 300;
Bommelaer 1991: 235–36.

43
. Lamius: Jacquemin
296.

44
. Jacquemin
388.

45
.
CID
IV 85 (Syll 3 523). This inscription also banned campfires in the sanctuary and was accompanied by another inscription banning visitors from bathing in the small fountain in the southwest corner of the temple terrace: Maass 1997: 29. For discussion of the Attalid stoa: Flacelière 1937: 270, Roux 1952, Roux 1987.

46
. See Jacquemin 1999: 256.

47
. Aetolian dominance at Delphi: See Flacelière 1937: 245–56. Statue of Aetolian general: Jacquemin
187.
Granting of asylia: Thebes:
CID
IV 70. Apollo Ptoios:
CID
IV 76; Boiotian sanctuary:
CID
IV 77.

48
. Interaction Athens and Delphi: Flacelière 1937: 272. Athenian monument update: statues were added for Antigonus I of Macedon, Ptolemy III of Egypt,
and Athens's own Demetrius Poliorcetes. The tribes of Antigonids and Demetriads were suppressed by 200
BC
(another example of how Athens sought to keep pace with events, although its statues at Delphi do not seem to have been removed): Jacquemin 1999: 228.

49
. Achaean league: see Polyb. 4.25.8; Flacelière 1937: 294, Parke and Wormell 1956a: 260. Aratus buried as a hero: Parke and Wormell
358.
Men from Sardia:
Syll
³
548; Arnush 2005: 108.

50
. Response to Romans requesting gifts: Parke and Wormell
354.
Response indicating greater victory: Parke and Wormell
355.

51
. Parke and Wormell 1956a: 275.

52
.
FD
III 4 21–24; Flacelière 1937: 298–304.

53
. Flacelière 1937: 309–40. The Delphians set up a statue of an anonymous Aetolian at this time as well: Jacquemin
207.

CHAPTER 9. A NEW WORLD

1
. The role of the Aetolian governor at Delphi: see
IG
IX 1
²
174; Roussel 1926, Daux 1936a: 215–20, Pouilloux 1980: 282. For their rights to keep herds on public land:
Syll
³
553A;
FD
III 4 175.

2
. Decline in visitors to Corycian cave: Empereur 1984: 340. Proxenia: Parke and Wormell 1956a: 261. Proxenia:
Syll
³
585; Arnush 2005: 110.

3
. Territory: Rousset 2002b: 240. Theoroi: about thirty Delphians are sent away as theoroi in the middle of the second century
BC
: Daux 1949b: 27–30. Satyrus of Samos:
FD
III 3 128; Weir 2004: 108. He was given an honorary statue by the Amphictyony in the sanctuary as well: Jacquemin
053.
Ai Khanoum: Taplin 1989: 2. Statues:
CID
IV 99 (statues of Antiocheia and Antiochus III). Equestrian statue: Jacquemin
494
. The statue personifying the people of Antiocheia is argued to have been in a new style—youthful and energetic—to complement a renewed era of civic iconography: Biard 2010.

4
. Declaration of freedom: Polyb. 18.46.5. Dedications by Flaminius: Plut.
Vit. Flam.
12.11–12. Delphic statue:
Syll
³
616. Delphi's honoring of Flaminius: Jacquemin
191
. A portrait head of Flamininus has been tentatively identified in the sanctuary excavations at Delphi:
FD
IV Album p. 40; Chamoux 1965, Picard 1991: 111. There are, however, some notes of not outright approval for the Roman victory over Philip, detected by some scholars in oracular responses said to be from the period e.g., Parke and Wormell
357
; Parke and Wormell 1956a: 276.

5
. Proxeny decrees for those in Flaminius's army e.g.,
Syll
³
585.

6
. Antiochus's forces: Livy 26.11.5. His declaration of freedom: Flacelière 1937: 356–59.

7
. Daux 1936a: 225–26.

8
. There are a series of oracles from this period that threaten Rome with all manner of misfortunes if does not retire from Greece. Only one is attributed to the Delphic oracle, and all seem to have been composed by supporters of Antiochus in the short period between his triumphant arrival in Delphi and his eventual defeat in 189
BC
: Parke and Wormell 1956a: 276–77.

9
. Glabrio confiscating properties: seventy properties were taken belonging to fifty-nine different owners, forty-six of which were Aetolian, and they were in turn given to “the god and the city”: Daux 1936a: 10, 229, Michaud 1977, Rousset 2002a: 250–69, Rousset 2002b: 232. Changes to sacred land: Rousset 2002a: 226. Letter to Delphians: Roussel 1932: 7–10.

10
.
CID
IV 103. Statue: Jacquemin
143
; See Michaud 1977. The Amphictyony were also quick to put up a statue of Glabrio in the sanctuary: Jacquemin
019
.

11
. Problems with Amphissa: Daux 1936a: 257. Tussle for power within Delphi: see
Syll
³
613A; Habicht 1987.

12
. Another Roman general, P. Cornelius Scipion (Scipio Africanus) was tasked with dealing with the Aetolians and seems to have, with Athenian help, ensured a truce at this point, leaving Glabrio free to deal with Antiochus: Daux 1936a: 257. Scipio himself also seems to have dedicated an offering in the sanctuary at Delphi at this time: Jacquemin
420.
Defeat of Antiochus: Eckstein 2008: 344.

13
. Albinus's reply:
CID
IV 104. Reform of Amphictyony: see Holleaux 1930: 39, Habicht 1987: 61. Some of the leading families in Athens, acting as ambassadors for the Amphictyony, were prominent in this reorganization. One of the Amphictyonic ambassadors, Nicostratus, was even honored with a statue and inscription in the sanctuary by the Amphictyony (much, probably, to the chagrin of the city of Delphi, whose plan to achieve complete control over the sanctuary, Habicht argues, he had thwarted):
Syll
³
613 A; Habicht 1987: 62.

14
. For the Romaia festival, which included processions, sacrifices, a banquet, and gymnastic competitions: Roux 1976: 205. Glabrio's statues base and its inscriptions: Daux 1936a: 262. The letter of Livius Salinator:
CID
IV 105 (
Syll
³
611); Daux 1936a: 231.

15
. Delphians dependent on Aetolian business: Daux 1936a: 269. The Delphians even erected a statue to the Aetolian general Pantaleon in the period
186–72
BC
: Jacquemin
187.
Rome leaving: Eckstein 2008: 346. For more detail on the complicated politics of this period down through to the 170s
BC
at Delphi: Reinach 1910, Habicht 1987.