Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (148 page)

25.
The full text of the speech is in Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
, 1:355–367.

26.
Goldman, “Hu Yaobang's Intellectual Network,” 229–237; Shen Baoxiang,
Zhenli biaozhun wenti taolun shimo
, pp. 323–327.

27.
Shen Baoxiang,
Zhenli biaozhun wenti taolun shimo
, pp. 370–371.

28.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu: 1975–1989
, 1:306;
Guoshi
, vol. 10, p. 67; interview with Wang Ruoshui, November 2001.

29.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu: 1975–1989
, 1:306;
Guoshi
, vol. 10, p. 67.

30.
Shen Baoxiang,
Zhenli biaozhun wenti taolun shimo
, pp. 342–347.

31.
Ibid., pp. 321–333. The text of part of his speech is on pp. 321–323.

32.
Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China
, pp. 50–54.

33.
Goldman, “Hu Yaobang's Intellectual Network,” 229–235.

34.
Shen Baoxiang,
Zhenli biaozhun wenti taolun shimo
, pp. 367–370.

35.
Guoshi
, vol. 10, pp. 65–74.

36.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu: 1975–1989
, 1:322–324.

37.
DXPNP-2
, March 16, 1979.

38.
Ming Ruan,
Deng Xiaoping: Chronicle of an Empire
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994), p. 56.

39.
DXPNP-2
, March 27, 1979.

40.
SWDXP-2
, p. 177.

41.
SWDXP-2
, pp. 179–181.

42.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 136–139. (Ye Jianying was unimpressed with Deng's speech; see p. 137.)

43.
“Hu Yaobang tongzhi zai dangde lilun gongzuo wuxu huishang de jiesu yu” (Hu Yaobang's Words at the Closing Meeting of the Theory Work Conference), April 3, 1979. Extracts published in Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu: 1975–1989
, pp. 345–347.

44.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 138–139.

45.
Goldman, “Hu Yaobang's Intellectual Network,” 236–237.

46.
Guoshi
, vol. 10, pp. 165–247.

47.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 135–137.

48.
Ibid., pp. 155–156.

49.
See Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China;
and Merle Goldman,
From Comrade to Citizen: The Struggle for Political Rights in China
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005).

9. The Soviet-Vietnamese Threat

1.
Formally Deng took over responsibility for foreign affairs on March 10, 1978, but immediately after returning to work, he was in charge of meeting Cyrus Vance and dealing with concerns related to the United States, which was considered China's most important foreign policy issue.

2.
Hua Huang
Huang Hua Memoirs
(Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2008).

3.
George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York: Knopf, 1998), p. 93.

4.
Huang,
Huang Hua Memoirs
, p. 289.

5.
Nayan Chanda,
Brother Enemy: The War after the War
(San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986), p. 259.

6.
Robert S. Ross,
The Indochina Tangle: China's Vietnam Policy, 1975–1979
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), p. 67; Jian Chen, “China and the First Indo-China War, 1950–54,”
The China Quarterly
, no. 133 (March 1993): 85–110.

7.
Henry J. Kenny, “Vietnamese Perceptions of the 1979 War with China,” in Mark A. Ryan, David M. Finkelstein, and Michael A. McDevitt, eds.,
Chinese Warfighting: The PLA Experience since 1949
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), p. 218.

8.
DXPWJHD
, April 18, 19, 22, 23, 1965.

9.
Kuan Yew Lee,
From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000
(New York: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 661. For the total aid program, see Junshi kexueyuan junshi lishi yanjiusuo (Military History Research Office of the Academy of Military Sciences),
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo junshi shiyao
(Outline of the Military History of the People's Republic of China) (Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe, 2005), pp. 549–570. U.S. sources vastly underestimated the number of Chinese forces in Vietnam during America's Vietnam War. One estimate, for example, was 50,000. See Kenny, “Vietnamese Perceptions of the 1979 War with China,” p. 217; Donald S. Zagoria and Sheldon W. Simon, “Soviet Policy in Southeast Asia,” in Zagoria, ed.,
Soviet Policy in East Asia
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 153–173.

10.
Jian Chen,
Mao's China and the Cold War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), pp. 221–229.

11.
William J. Duiker,
Ho Chi Minh
(New York: Hyperion, 2000), pp. 541, 550.

12.
Chen,
Mao's China and the Cold War
, pp. 229–237.

13.
M. Taylor Fravel,
Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), pp. 276–287.

14.
Chanda,
Brother Enemy
, pp. 13–18; Ross,
The Indochina Tangle
, pp. 64–65.

15.
DXPWJHD
, September 22–25, 1975.

16.
Ibid., September 25, 1977.

17.
Ross,
The Indochina Tangle
, pp. 67–68.

18.
Chanda,
Brother Enemy
, pp. 134–135; Kenny, “Vietnamese Perceptions of the 1979 War with China,” pp. 26–28, 222–223; Ross,
The Indochina Tangle
, p. 67.

19.
Chanda,
Brother Enemy
, p. 28.

20.
Ross,
The Indochina Tangle
, p. 75.

21.
See, for example, Lee Kuan Yew's account of his seven hours of discussions with Hua Guofeng in May 1976; Lee,
From Third World to First
, pp. 642–650.

22.
Chanda,
Brother Enemy
, pp. 27–28.

23.
Ross,
The Indochina Tangle
, p. 68.

24.
Ibid., p. 127; Chanda,
Brother Enemy
, pp. 88–89.

25.
Ross,
The Indochina Tangle
, pp. 128–129.

26.
Chanda,
Brother Enemy
, pp. 187–188, 240–245.

27.
Ross,
The Indochina Tangle
, pp. 130–131.

28.
Chanda,
Brother Enemy
, p. 189.

29.
Lee,
From Third World to First
, p. 661.

30.
Fan Hongwei, “Zhou Enlai yu Miandian huaqiao” (Zhou Enlai and the Burmese Overseas Chinese),
Dangdai Zhongguo shi yanjiu
, no. 1 (2008): 31–37.

31.
See Wayne Bert, “Chinese Policy toward Burma and Indonesia: A Post-Mao Perspective,”
Asian Survey
25, no. 9 (September 1985): 963–980; Bertil Lintner, “Burma and Its Neighbors,” in Surgit Mansingh, ed.,
Indian and Chinese Foreign Policies in Comparative Perspective
(New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1998); Tian Zengpei,
Gaige kaifang yilai de Zhongguo waijiao
(Chinese Foreign Policy since the Reform and Opening) (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe, 2005), pp. 70–72;
DXPWJHD
, January 26–31, 1978; William R. Heaton, “China and Southeast Asian Communist Movements: The Decline of Dual Track Diplomacy,”
Asian Survey
22, no. 8 (August 1982): 779–800.

32.
Xinhua News Service, February 4, 6, 1978.

33.
Ibid., February 6, 1978.

34.
DXPNP-2
, April 18–26, 1975, pp. 36–37.

35.
Don Oberdorfer,
The Two Koreas
(New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 96.

36.
Dae-Sook Suh,
Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), pp. 262, 391, n26.

37.
DXPWJHD
, August 7, 1977.

38.
Ibid., September 8–13, 1978;
DXPNP-2
, September 8–13, 1978.

39.
DXPNP-2
, September 12, 1978.

40.
Pan Jingguo, ed.,
Gongheguo waijiao fengyunzhong de Deng Xiaoping
(Deng Xiaoping in the Storm of Foreign Policy of the Republic) (Ha'erbin: Heilongjiang chubanshe, 2004), p. 379.

41.
Chanda,
Brother Enemy
, p. 318; Ross,
The Indochina Tangle
, p. 208.

42.
Ross,
The Indochina Tangle
, pp. 207–208.

43.
Ibid., p. 208.

44.
DXPWJHD
, October 3, 1978.

45.
Ibid., March 29–April 1, 1978.

46.
Xinhua News Service, March 30, 1978.

47.
Facts on File World News Digest
, July 21, 1978.

48.
Chanda,
Brother Enemy
, p. 325.

49.
Xinhua News Service, November 9, 1978.

50.
DXPWJHD
, November 5–9, 1978; Xinhua News Service, November 9, 1978; Chanda,
Brother Enemy
, pp. 325–326; Lee,
From Third World to First
, p. 662.

51.
Heaton, “China and Southeast Asian Communist Movements,” 785.

52.
Xinhua News Service, November 9, 1978.

53.
Lucian W. Pye,
Guerrilla Communism in Malaya: Its Social and Political Meaning
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1956).

54.
Heaton, “China and Southeast Asian Communist Movements,” pp. 786–790.

55.
Facts on File World News Digest
, November 24, 1978.

56.
Xinhua News Service, November 10, 11, 1978.

57.
Ibid., November 12, 1978.

58.
Chanda,
Brother Enemy
, p. 325.

59.
Stephen Leong, “Malaysia and the People's Republic of China in the 1980s: Political Vigilance and Economic Pragmatism,”
Asian Survey
27, no. 10 (October 1987): 1109–1126.

60.
Xinhua News Service, November 12, 1978.

61.
Lee,
From Third World to First
, pp. 662–665; also discussions with Singapore officials, November 2004.

62.
Lee,
From Third World to First
, pp. 660–662; also discussions with Singapore officials, November 2004.

63.
Discussions with Singapore officials, November 2004.

64.
Lee,
From Third World to First
, p. 667.

65.
Ibid., p. 668.

66.
Ibid.

67.
Discussions with Singapore officials who took part in meetings with Deng, November 2004.

68.
Lee,
From Third World to First
, pp. 668–669.