Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (149 page)

69.
Ross,
The Indochina Tangle
, p. 154.

10. Opening to Japan

1.
The expression “anti-hegemony,” which the Chinese used frequently, was first introduced to Premier Zhou Enlai by Henry Kissinger. See Henry Kissinger, “The China Connection,”
Time
, October 1, 1979.

2.
Pei Hua, ed.,
ZhongRi waijiao fengyunzhong de Deng Xiaoping
(Deng Xiaoping amid the Currents of Sino-Japanese Foreign Relations) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2002), pp. 50–54.

3.
Ibid., pp. 47–50.

4.
See Sunao Sonoda,
Sekai Nihonai
(World, Japan, Love) (Tokyo: Shinchosha, 1981), pp. 174–185, for Sonoda's recollections.

5.
For Huang Hua's account of the negotiations in the context of Sino-Japanese relations, see Hua Huang,
Huang Hua Memoirs
(Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2008), pp. 308–342.

6.
Brzezinski reported that he had stopped in Tokyo in May 1978 after his visit to Beijing and impressed upon the Japanese that the United States favored an “expeditious conclusion of the treaty.” He reports that the Japanese shortly thereafter “acceded” to the treaty. Zbigniew Brzezinski,
Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977–1981
, rev. ed. (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1985), p. 218. The Japanese had already decided to move ahead with the treaty in March, but the issue was not resolved until July. When Fukuda met Vance and Carter in Washington on May 2 and 3, they also discussed these issues. See Pei Hua,
ZhongRi waijiao
, pp. 65–66.

7.
Kazuhiko Togo,
Japan's Foreign Policy 1945–2003: The Quest for a Proactive Policy
, 2d ed. (Leiden: Brill, 2005), pp. 134–135; Pei Hua,
ZhongRi waijiao
, p. 80.

8.
Chae-Jin Lee,
China and Japan: New Economic Diplomacy
(Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1984), pp. 26–27.

9.
Togo,
Japan's Foreign Policy
, pp. 134–135.

10.
George R. Packard,
Edwin O. Reischauer and the American Discovery of Japan
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).

11.
A Japanese book devoted entirely to Deng's visit to the emperor records this part of the visit in great detail. See Nagano Nobutoshi,
Tenn
to T
Sh
hei no akushu: Jitsuroku Nitch
K
sh
hishi
(The Handshake between the Emperor and Deng Xiaoping: The Secret History of Sino-Japanese Relations) (Tokyo: Gy
sei Mondai KenkyÄjo, 1983).

12.
The authoritative Chinese source on the visit of Deng to Japan is Pei Hua,
ZhongRi waijiao
, pp. 115–209.

13.
Ibid., p. 120.

14.
Ibid., pp. 121–122.

15.
Ibid., p. 122.

16.
Ibid., p. 125.

17.
Huang,
Huang Hua Memoirs
, pp. 333–334; ibid., pp. 137–140.

18.
Huang,
Huang Hua Memoirs
, pp. 334–335.

19.
Pei Hua,
ZhongRi waijiao
, p. 126.

20.
Ibid., pp. 147–148.

21.
Ibid., p. 182.

22.
Ibid., p. 151.

23.
Ibid., pp. 150–153.

24.
Ibid., pp. 154–155.

25.
Ibid., pp. 150–155.

26.
Ibid., pp. 156–159.

27.
Ibid., p. 202.

28.
Ibid., pp. 165–174.

29.
Ibid., pp. 165–172.

30.
Ibid., pp. 165–174.

31.
Interview with Matsushita Konusuke, June 1979.

32.
Matsushita Konusuke,
Matsushita K
nosuke wa kataru: J
netsu ga nakereba hito wa ugokan
(Matsushita Speaks Out: Without Passion No One Works for You) (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1985), p. 137; Pei Hua,
ZhongRi waijiao
, pp. 194–197.

33.
Interview with Akira Chihaya (then chairman of New Japan Steel and of the China Committee of Keidanren) and Hanai Mitsuyu, October 2004. Hanai was living in Manchuria at the end of World War II, when, at age thirteen, he left home and joined the PLA in northern Jilin. He remained in the PLA until after 1949, then attended People's University in Beijing. In 1957 Hanai returned to Japan and in 1962 he was hired by Yawata, where he worked as an interpreter, continuing after Yawata was merged into New Japan Steel.