Distant Voices (75 page)

5
The
7.30 Report
, ABC Television, November 26, 1991.

6
The
Age
, Melbourne, December 8, 1975.

7
Dunn, pp. 282–341.

8
Ibid., p. 313.

9
Ibid.

10
Correspondence with Amnesty International, December 1993.

11
Max Stahl's film was shown in
In Cold Blood
, produced for Yorkshire Television by Peter Gordon, January 7, 1992. For latest figures of the dead and ‘disappeared', see report by ‘Peace is Possible in East Timor', Lisbon.
Tapol Bulletin
, No. 113, October 1992.

12
Mark Aarons and Robert Domm,
East Timor, A Western Made Tragedy
, Left Book Club, Sydney, 1992, p. 66.

13
Tapol Bulletin
, No. 108, December 1991. Indonesian armed forces Commander-in-Chief (later vice-president), Try Sutrisno, said, ‘These delinquent people have to be shot. And we shall shoot them.'

14
Michele Turner,
Telling East Timor: Personal testimonies 1942–1992
, New South Wales University Press, Sydney, 1992, pp. 13–18.

15
Garfield Barwick, Minister in the Menzies government, said this in 1963, cited in the
Sydney Morning Herald
, January 1, 1984.

16
I am grateful to Michele Turner for this detail of Celestino's death. See
Telling
, pp. 174–6.

17
Ibid., p. 14.

18
Peter Carey,
The Forging of a Nation: East Timor, 1974–93
, paper for the Conference on ‘Nationalism and Ethnicity in South East Asia', Berlin, October 1993, pp. 11–12.

19
Letter to UN Secretary-General Perez de Cuellar, February 6, 1989.

20
José Ramos Horta,
Funu, The Unfinished Saga of East Timor
, Red Sea Press, New Jersey, 1987, pp. 38, 39.

21
Ibid., p. 43.

22
For an explanation of the overthrow of Gough Whitlam in November, 1975, see ‘The Coup' in John Pilger,
A Secret Country
, Vintage, London, 1992.

23
Dunn, pp. 132–5.

24
Dunn, p. 135.

25
J. A. C. Mackie, ‘Australia's Relations with Indonesia: Principles and Policies', part 2,
Australian Outlook
28, 1974.

26
Max Lane,
New Internationalist
, March 1994.

27
Cited by Noam Chomsky in his preface to José Ramos Horta's
Funu, The Unfinished Saga of East Timor
, Red Sea Press, New Jersey, 1987.

28
Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong,
The War against East Timor
, Zed Books, London, 1984, p. 49.

29
Gabriel Kolko,
Confronting the Third World
, Pantheon, New York, 1988 p. 178.

30
Chomsky, 1987.

31
‘US Agents “drew up Indonesian hit list”', the
Guardian
, May 22, 1990.

32
Gabriel Kolko, pp. 180–1. I am indebted to Mark Curtis for the basis of this analysis.

33
Chomsky, 1987.

34
Michael Stewart,
Life and Labour: An Autobiography
, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1980, p. 149.

35
The Melbourne
Age
, September 13, 1974.

36
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, September 16, 1974.

37
Ibid., November 19, 1974.

38
Dunn, p. ix.

39
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, December 10, 1991.

40
Dunn, p. 210.

41
The
National Times
, Sydney, May 30 and June 5, 1982.

42
Richard Walsh and George Munster,
Documents on Australian Defence and Foreign Policy 1968–1975
, published by J. R. Walsh and G. J. Munster, Sydney, 1980, p. 216.

43
Mark Hertsgaard, ‘The Secret Life of Henry Kissinger',
The Nation
, New York, November 29, 1990. Copy of minutes acquired and authenticated by Victor Navasky, editor of
The Nation
.

44
The monitoring reports of the CIA – to become known as ‘The Timor Papers' – were published in the
National Times
, Sydney, May 30 and June 6, 1982. See also ‘The Timor Papers' section
in
The Book of Leaks
, by Brian Toohey and Marian Wilkinson, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, pp. 143–95.

45
Ibid.

46
Ibid.

47
The
Canberra Times
, December 3, 1975.

48
John G. Taylor,
Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor
, Zed Books, London, 1991, p. 64.

49
Ibid., p. 68.

50
Tapol Bulletin
, No. 59, September 1983.

51
Taylor (citing Dunn), p. 68.

52
Ibid., p. 69.

53
Amnesty International testimony, 1985, cited by Taylor, p. 69.

54
Ibid., p. 70.

55
Correspondence with the author. See also Taylor.

56
Taylor, p. 70.

57
The
Boston Globe
, November 8, 1975.

58
Hertsgaard,
The Nation
.

59
Ibid.

60
See Carmel Budiardjo, the
New Internationalist
, March 1994.

61
Cited by Taylor, p. 73. The document was originally published in
Timor Link
, London, No. 12/13, April 1988.

62
The Timor Papers.

63
Taylor, pp. 169–70.

64
Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
A Dangerous Place
, Little Brown, New York, 1978, p. 247.

65
Cited by Chomsky. Lopez de Cruz said that 60,000 had died ‘in six months of civil war' (which had lasted two weeks from August 11, 1974). He was forced to retract by the Indonesians and claimed he had really meant ‘casualties', not all of which were deaths. A close associate of de Cruz told James Dunn that, in his original statement, de Cruz had actually said ‘massacred'. See Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong,
The War against East Timor
, Zed Books, London, 1984, p. 49.

66
Chomsky, 1987.

67
The Melbourne
Age
, August 3, 1976.

68
Taylor, p. 74.

69
The Times
, October 12, 1976.

70
Taylor, p. 75.

71
The Timor Papers
.

72
Chomsky, 1987.

73
Letter from David Owen to Lord Avebury, June 19, 1978.

74
Taylor, pp. 86–7.

75
Chomsky, 1987.

76
Soekanto, ed.
Integrasi
, Jakarta, 1976, cited by Dunn p. 84.

77
Ibid.

78
Jill Jolliffe, ‘Lisbon “connived” at Timor annexation', the
Guardian
, October 17, 1981.

79
The official has since left the AFFC.

80
See the
Sydney Morning Herald
, December 1, 1992 and the
Australian
, March 3, 1993.

81
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, August 20, 1992.

82
The
Australian
, January 1, 1993.

83
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, December 1, 1992.

84
As told to the author.

85
Filmed interview with the author, August 1993, for
Death of a Nation
, Central Television, broadcast February 22, 1994.

86
Ibid.

87
Ibid.

88
Channel 7 Melbourne, October 1975.

89
The
Courier-Mail
, Brisbane, April 27, 1983.

90
Interview with the author.

91
Dunn, p. 237.

92
Ibid., p. 239.

93
Jill Jolliffe,
East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism
, University of Queensland Press, 1978, p. 233.

94
Australian
Hansard
, House of Representatives, October 30, 1975.

95
Ibid., October 21, 1975.

96
Ibid., October 30, 1975.

97
Dunn, p. 245.

98
Ibid., p. 247.

99
Ibid., pp. 247–8.

100
Ibid., p. 246.

101
American journalist Rod Nordland reported the famine. See the
Philadelphia Inquirer
, May 28, 1982.

102
Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, pp. 103–5.

103
Ibid., p. 98.

104
Angkatan Bersenyata
(Indonesian armed forces newspaper), October 24, 1985, cited by Taylor.

105
New Journalist
, Sydney, May 1979.

106
Ibid.

107
Dunn, p. 286.

108
Letter from the head of the Indonesia Country Programme Department, East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, World Bank, to Carmel Budiardjo,
Tapol Bulletin
, September 12, 1985.

109
Cited by Taylor, p. 159.

110
The
New York Times
, April 24, 1993.

111
Interview with Christiano Costa by Carmel Budiardjo, Geneva, March 1988.

112
Instruction Manual No. PROTAP/01-B/VIV 1982, ‘Established Procedure for Interrogation of Prisoners', Military Report Command, 164 Wira Dama, July 8, 1982, p. 34 in translation.

113
Taylor, p. 144.

114
Ibid., p. 138.

115
Australian Government Printing Service, 1983, Appendix 24B, pp. 157–60.

116
Ibid., p. 160.

117
Ibid., p. 163.

118
Ibid., Appendix 35, pp. 207–13.

119
Sinar Harapan
(Indonesian press), August 17, 1983.

120
The
Australian
, January 24, 1994.

121
The
Far Eastern Economic Review
, July 30, 1992.

122
Ibid., April 22, 1992.

123
Filmed interview, November 1993.

124
Enclosure with letter to John Lynn, Administrative Assistant, c/o Hon. J. Bennett Johnston, US Senate, from Richard S. Fitzsimmons, Vice President, Government Relations, Burson-Marsteller, August 5, 1992.

125
BBC Short Wave Broadcasts
, FE/1656,AL/1, April 6, 1993.

126
President Soares interviewed by the author, November 1993.

127
Republic of Indonesia,
East Timor: Building for the Future
, Department of Foreign Affairs, Jakarta, July 1992.

128
See the
New York Times
, July 19, 1985; November 21, 1988.

129
The
Washington Post
, January 6, 1992.

130
Philip Liechty left the CIA in 1979.

131
The interview with Philip Liechty appeared, in part, in
Death of a Nation: the Timor Conspiracy
, Central Television, London, February 1994.

132
The
International Herald Tribune
, July 8, 1993.

133
The
Far Eastern Economic Review
, September 23, 1993.

134
The
New York Times
, December 8, 1993.

135
Chomsky, 1987.

136
Mark Curtis, from the manuscript of a book on British foreign policy to be published 1994.

137
Mark Curtis, the
New Internationalist
, March 1994.

138
Ibid.

139
The
Sunday Times
, August 18, 1991.

140
Tapol Bulletin
, No. 118, August 1993.

141
Hansard
, July 21, 1993.

142
Cited in
Tapol Bulletin
, No. 113, October 1992.

143
Hansard
, January 12, 1993.

144
Ibid., July 26, 1993.

145
Ibid., May 18, 1993.

146
British Aerospace press release, April 5, 1978.

147
Reuter
, April 7, 1993.

148
Interview with the author, November 1993.

149
Curtis, the
New Internationalist
.

150
The
Times
, February 1, 1977.

151
As told to the author.

152
Letter from J. L. Wilkins to Alex Palmer, February 23, 1993.

153
Letter from Alex Palmer to the author, November 6, 1993.

154
Tapol Bulletin
, No. 116, April 1993.

155
The
Guardian
, August 13, 1993, by Margaret Coles. Foreign Office documents, including ‘restricted' Telex to FO, letter from Alastair Goodlad to Greg Pope MP and memorandum about ‘stonewalling' were passed to Margaret Coles by Jonathan Humphreys of the East Timor Coalition, who was the recipient of the ‘leak'. Copies of all documents with the author.

156
Ibid.

157
Tapol Backgrounder
, ‘Indonesia: the British Perspective', 1993.

158
Interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Kuta, Bali, February 9, 1991, cited by
Indonesian News
, Volume 19, No. 2, February 1991.

159
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, August 23, 1985.

160
Aarons and Domm, p. 39.

161
Interview with the author, November 1993.

162
Indonesia News
, Vol. 10, No. 2, February 1991.

163
Aarons and Domm, p. 66.

164
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, December 28 and 30, 1991.

165
Aarons and Domm, p. 39.

166
The
Sydney Morning Herald
, February 7, 1992. See also Amnesty International, ‘in accordance with the law', statement before the
UN Special Committee on decolonisation, July 1992, AI Index: ASA 21/11/92.