Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East (64 page)

22.
International Crisis Group,
Enter Hamas: The Challenges of Political Integration,
Middle East Report No. 49, Jan. 18. 2006.

23.
Hamas,
Council on Foreign Relations, June 8, 2007, http://www.cfr.org/publication/8968; and “Hamas Terrorist Attacks,” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mar. 22, 2004, www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/terrorism.

24.
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, press briefing en route to London, Jan. 29. 2006.

25.
“Hamas: Palestinians Suffering Moral Crisis,” interview with Sheikh Nayef Rajoub, aljazeera.net, Jan. 17, 2006.

26.
International Crisis Group,
Enter Hamas: The Challenges of Political Integration,
Middle East Report No. 49, Jan. 18. 2006.

27.
Interview with Italy’s
La Repubblica
cited by Samia Nakhoul, “Arabs Face Stark Choice: Reform or Ruin,” Reuters, Mar. 25, 2004.

28.
Mohammed Yaghi, “The Growing Anarchy in the Palestinian Territories,” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, May 16, 2006.

29.
Mathew Levitt, “Hamas’s Hidden Economy,”
Los Angeles Times,
July 3, 2007.

30.
Khaled Mashaal, “We Will Not Sell Our People or Principles for Foreign Aid,”
The Guardian,
Jan. 31, 2006.

31.
Dion Nissenbaum, “Islamic Fundamentalist Group Suspected of Killing Prostitutes,” McClatchy Newspapers, Mar. 1, 2007.

32.
Jake Lipton, “The War of Words Between Hamas and al Qaeda,” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, June 28, 2007.

33.
Nathan J. Brown, “The Peace Process Has No Clothes: The Decay of the Palestinian Authority and the International Response,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 14, 2007.

34.
Jake Lipton, “The War of Words Between Hamas and al Qaeda,” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, June 28, 2007.

35.
“Israel-Palestinians Q & A,” The Associated Press, June 13, 2007.

36.
Nidal al-Mughrabi, “Bloody Day in Gaza Raises Civil War Fears,” Reuters, June 12, 2007.

37.
Nidal al-Mughrabi, “Hamas Gunmen Hunt Down Fatah Rivals in Gaza Strip,” Reuters, June 14, 2007.

38.
Dion Nissenbaum, “Hamas Fighters Tighten Hold on Gaza,” McClatchy Newspapers, June 13, 2007.

39.
Nidal al-Mughrabi, “Hamas Defeat Fatah in Gaza, Abbas Declares Emergency,” Reuters, June 14, 2007.

40.
Dion Nissenbaum, “Hamas’ Rule over Gaza Begins with Promises, Pillaging,” McClatchy Newspapers, June 15, 2007.

41.
Scott Wilson, “Fatah Gunmen Assert Authority in West Bank,”
The Washington Post,
July 8, 2007.

42.
Dion Nissenbaum, “Hamas Fighters Tighten Hold on Gaza,” McClatchy Newspapers, June 13, 2007.

43.
“Mashaal: Hamas to Work with Fatah,”
Alalam News,
June 15, 2007.

44.
Craig S. Smith and Greg Myre, “Hamas May Find It Needs Its Enemy,”
The New York Times,
June 17, 2007.

CHAPTER TWO: EGYPT: THE TURNING POINTS

1.
“Shayfeen.com Report on Egypt’s First Presidential Campaign” (English), Sept. 7, 2005.

2.
“Shayfeen.com Report on Egypt’s First Presidential Campaign” (English), Sept. 7, 2005, and “Shayfeen.com Special Report” (Arabic), Sept. 8, 2005.

3.
Reem Nafie, “Illiteracy Revisited: A Major New Project Aiming to Significantly Reduce Illiteracy Has Just Been Launched,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
Sept. 4–10, 2003.

4.
“2005 Human Rights Report: Egypt,” U.S. Department of State, Mar. 8, 2006.

5.
Interviews with United States officials in Cairo, Feb.–Mar. 2006.

6.
“Egypt: Flawed Election But…,”
Democracy Digest,
vol. 2, no. 9, Sept. 13, 2005.

7.
“2005 Human Rights Report: Egypt,” U.S. Department of State, Mar. 8, 2006.

8.
Telephone interview with a senior Western diplomat in Cairo who stipulated that I could use the information only if I protected his name and nationality, Mar. 2, 2006.

9.
“Multiple Violations in the Third Round and the Responsibility of the Security Services,” Shayfeen.com, Dec. 3, 2006.

10.
“The Last Days of the Elections Are the Worst,” Shayfeencom, Dec. 8, 2005.

11.
“Egypt: Fear of Torture or Ill-Treatment/Incommunicado Detention,” Amnesty International, Apr. 16, 2003.

12.
Megan K. Stack, “Pain of Political Change,”
Los Angeles Times,
Dec. 7, 2005.

13.
“Egypt: Human Rights Developments,” Human Rights Watch, World Report 2001.

14.
Charles Levinson, “Brotherhood Blues,”
Cairo Times,
vol. 7, no. 28, Sept. 18–24, 2003.

15.
Samia Mehrez, “Take Them Out of the Ball Game: Egypt’s Cultural Players in Crisis,” Middle East Report No. 219, Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP), vol. 31, no. 2, Summer 2001.

16.
Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, “The Intelligentsia and Politics,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
no. 517, Jan. 18–24, 2001.

17.
Gamal Essam el-Din, “Brotherhood in the Crossfire,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
no. 620, Jan. 9–15, 2003.

18.
“Egypt: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004,” Human Rights Report, U.S. Department of State, Feb. 28, 2005.

19.
Stack, “Pain of Political Change.”

20.
Ibid.

21.
Nathan J. Brown and Hesham Nasr, “Egypt’s Judges Step Forward,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Outlook, Democracy and Rule of Law Project, May 2005.

22.
Dina Shehata, “Egyptian Judges Test the Government’s Commitment to Democratic Reform,” Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, no. 36, June 28, 2005. http//www.ahram.org./eg/acpss/Eng/ahram/2004/7/5/ESYP43/htm.

23.
Brown and Nasr, “Egypt’s Judges Step Forward”; and Shehata, “Egyptian Judges Test the Government’s Commitment to Democratic Reform.”

24.
Telephone interviews with the two lawyers in the case, Yosry el Sawy, Mar. 16, 2006, and Ayman el Foly, Mar. 14, 2006.

25.
Megan K. Stack, “Some Judges in Egypt Lend Voice to Chorus for Reform,
The Los Angeles Times,
May 2, 2005; and Mona El-Nahhas, “Judges of Character,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
Dec. 29, 2005–Jan. 4, 2006.

26.
Mona el-Nahhas, “Judges of Character.”

27.
Mona el-Nahhas, “Judicial Stand-off,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
no. 783, Feb. 23–Mar. 1, 2006.

28.
Nadia Abou el-Magd, “Egyptian Judges Protest Lack of Freedom,” Associated Press, Mar. 17, 2006.

29.
“Egypt Judges Take Protest to the Streets,” aljazeera.net, Mar. 17, 2006.

30.
Nadia Abou el-Magd, “Egyptian Judges Protest Lack of Freedom.”

31.
“Mandate,” Baheyya: Egypt Analysis and Whimsy: Commentary on Egyptian Politics and Culture by an Egyptian Citizen with a Room of Her Own, Baheyya.blogspot.com, Dec. 20, 2005.

32.
“Egypt Threatens Journalists over Referendum Violence Complaints,” Agence France Presse, June 14, 2005; and Amira Howeidy, “Zero Tolerance for Torture,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
no. 749, June 30–July 6, 2005.

33.
Amira Howeidy, “Zero Tolerance for Torture.”

34.
Amnesty International Report 1989
(London: Amnesty International Publications, 1989), p. 253.

35.
Ibid.

36.
Glenn E. Perry, “Challenging Islamic Fundamentalism: The Writings of Muhammad Said al-Ashmawy,” Ethnic NewsWatch,
Digest of Middle East Studies
(
DOMES
), July 31, 1999; and Rose Ismail, “Political Islam a Deviation?”
The New Straits Times
(Malaysia), Apr. 21, 2000.

37.
Pamela Nice, “Finding the Right Language: A Conversation with Syrian Filmmaker Usama Muhammad,”
Al Jadid,
vol. 6, no. 31, Spring 2000.

38.
Alan Sipress, “Creativity Under Siege in Egypt,”
The Philadelphia Inquirer,
Feb. 28, 1994.

CHAPTER THREE: EGYPT: THE PLAYERS

1.
Ziad Munson, “Islamic Mobilization: Social Movement Theory and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood,”
The Sociological Quarterly,
vol. 42, no. 4, Fall 2001, pp. 487–510.

2.
Interview with Assistant Foreign Minister Sallama Shaker, Feb. 21, 2006.

3.
Amira Howeidy, “Politics in God’s Name,”
Al Ahram Weekly,
no. 247, Nov. 16–22, 1995.

4.
Daniel Williams, “Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood May Be Model for Islam’s Political Adaptation,”
The Washington Post,
Feb. 3, 2006.

5.
Ibid.

6.
Sarah Gauch, “Egypt’s Opposition Targets Reforms,”
The Christian Science Monitor,
Mar. 23, 2006.

7.
Amira Howeidy, “Muslim Brotherhood Flexes Muscles,”
aljazeera.net,
Dec. 5, 2005.

8.
http://www.ummah.net/ikhwan.

9.
Robin Wright,
Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 178.

10.
Amira Howeidy, “Politics in God’s Name,”
Al-Ahram Weekly,
no. 247, Nov. 16–22, 1995.

11.
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2177.html

12.
Sayyid Qutb,
Milestones
(Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 1990).