Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East (66 page)

11.
Robin Wright,
Sacred Rage,
p. 73.

12.
“An Interview with Yitzhak Rabin: They Want Lebanon, Let Them Enjoy It,”
Time,
Feb. 11, 1985, p. 44; and Robin Wright,
Sacred Rage,
p. 233.

13.
Enno Franzius,
History of the Order of the Assassins
(New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969) and Bernard Lewis,
The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam
(New York: Basic Books, 1968, 2002; London: Al Saqi Books, 1985).

14.
Bernard Lewis,
The Assassins.

15.
Robert Fisk, “Dialogue Is No Longer Enough; Muslims in the Arab World Are Despairing of the West’s Attitude to Them,”
The Independent,
Dec. 7, 1993.

16.
The first American taken hostage in Lebanon—and the only one taken to Iran—was David Dodge, the president of American University of Beirut. He was kidnapped when four Iranian diplomats went missing in Lebanon days after Israel’s 1982 invasion. Tehran demanded pressure by the international community to free them; when nothing happened, Dodge went missing. He was held for 366 days. Syria mediated his release. The four Iranians, whose vehicle with diplomatic plates had been stopped at a checkpoint run by a right-wing Christian militia, were never heard from again. In the search for information to win the release of American hostages, U.S. diplomats were told that the four had been murdered.

17.
“An Open Letter: The Hezbollah Program,”
As Safir,
Feb. 16, 1985; and Augustus Richard Norton,
Amal and the Shi’a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon
(Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1987).

18.
“An Open Letter: The Hezbollah Program”; and Augustus Richard Norton,
Amal and the Shi’a.

19.
“Return to the Lion’s Den,” CNN On-Air, Dec. 1, 1996.

20.
“Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001,”
Background Information on Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations,
Appendix B, U.S. Department of State.

21.
Augustus Richard Norton, “Hizballah: From Radicalism to Pragmatism?”
Middle East Policy Council Journal,
vol. 5, no. 4, Jan. 1998.

22.
“Hezbollah Leader Addresses Election Rally in Beirut’s Southern Suburb,” excerpt from report by Hezbollah Radio,
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts,
Aug. 26, 1992.

23.
The quotation is actually by Heraclitus, fragment 41 from
On the Universe
: “You could not step twice into the same river…”

24.
Gary C. Gambill and Ziad K. Abdelnour, “Hezbollah: Between Tehran and Damascus,”
Middle East Intelligence Bulletin,
vol. 4, no. 2, Feb. 2002.

25.
Sami Moubayed, “Who Is Hasan Nasrallah?”
World Politics Watch,
July 17, 2006.

26.
“Treasury Designation Targets Hizballah’s Bank,” U.S. Treasury Department, Sept. 7, 2006.

27.
Jeffrey Goldberg, “In the Party of God: Hezbollah Sets Up Operations in South America and the United States,”
The New Yorker,
Oct. 28, 2002; “Hezbollah and the West African Diamond Trade,”
Middle East Intelligence Bulletin,
vol. 6, no. 6–7, June–July 2004; and Douglas Farah, “Hezbollah’s External Support Network in West Africa and Latin America,” International Assessment and Strategy Center, Aug. 4, 2006.

28.
“Hezbollah Leader Says Lebanon at a ‘Dangerous Stage,’” excerpts from a report in
As Safir, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts,
Dec. 29, 1997.

29.
“Hezbollah Leader Addresses Beirut Rally, Sees End of Israeli ‘Dream,’” al Manar television Web site in Arabic, May 7, 1998.

30.
Avi Jorisch, “Al-Manar: Hizbullah TV 24/7,”
Middle East Quarterly,
vol. 11, no. 1, Winter 2004; and Avi Jorisch, “Terrorist Television,”
National Review,
Dec. 22, 2004.

31.
Robin Wright, “Iran Shipping Arms to Hezbollah,”
Los Angeles Times,
Apr. 18, 1996; and Robin Wright, “Iran Boosts Arms Supplies to Hezbollah,”
Los Angeles Times,
Dec. 13, 1996.

32.
In 1993, via Syria, the United States brokered an unwritten deal: Israel ended attacks on Lebanese civilians, while Hezbollah limited operations to Israelis in Lebanon. It broke down in 1996 in a brutal sixteen-day onslaught by both sides. The United States renegotiated the same deal, this time in writing.

33.
Oscar Serrat, “Argentine Prosecutors Seek Arrest of Former Iranian President in Jewish Center Bombing,” Associated Press, Oct. 25, 2006.

34.
Richard Engle, “Hezbollah Guerrillas Taunt Israeli Soldiers, Loot Abandoned Border Posts,” Agence France Presse, May 24, 2000.

35.
Deborah Sontag, “Retreat from Lebanon: The Triumphal Procession, Israel out of Lebanon after 22 Years,”
The New York Times,
May 24, 2000.

36.
“Hezbollah Leader Calls for Muslim-Christian Coexistence,” Lebanese Broadcasting Corp., broadcast aired May 26, 2000, and published by
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
May 27, 2000.

37.
Daniel Sobelman, “Hezbollah Two Years After the Withdrawal—A Compromise Between Ideology, Interests, and Exigencies,”
Strategic Assessment,
Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University, vol. 5, no. 2, Aug. 2002.

38.
Daniel Sobelman, “Four Years After the Withdrawal from Lebanon: Refining the Rules of the Game,”
Strategic Assessment,
Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University, vol. 7, no. 2, Aug. 2004.

39.
Robin Wright, “Most of Iran’s Troops in Lebanon Are Out, Western Officials Say,”
The Washington Post.
Apr. 13, 2005.

40.
Daniel Sobelman, “Hezbollah After the Syrian Withdrawal,”
Strategic Assessment,
Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University, vol. 8, no. 1, Aug. 2005.

41.
“The Electoral Program of Hezbollah 1996,” Distributed by al Manar television, online at http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/hizballah/hizballah-platform.html.

42.
Hassan Nasrallah, speech addressing the nation on the publication of cartoons about the Prophet Mohammed, al Arabiya television, Feb. 9, 2006.

43.
Will Rasmussen, “Hezbollah Hasn’t Moderated, but It Has Been Humbled,”
The New Republic Online,
Jan. 4, 2006.

44.
“Hizbullah Risks Becoming Part of ‘Business as Usual’ in Beirut,”
The Daily Star
editorial, July 8, 2006.

45.
Interview with Egyptian television, June 2, 2000.

46.
Daniel Sobelman, “Hezbollah Two Years After the Withdrawal”: Daniel Sobelman, “Four Years After the Withdrawal from Lebanon”; and Reuven Pedatzur, “Plays by the Rules,”
Haaretz,
Aug. 16, 2004.

47.
Daniel Sobelman, “Hezbollah Two Years After the Withdrawal.”

48.
Nightline,
ABC News, Oct. 19, 2000.

49.
“Lebanese Hezbollah Leader Views Capability of New Drone to Bomb Israel,” al Manar Television, Nov. 12, 2004, published by
BBC Worldwide Monitoring,
Nov. 13, 2004.

50.
Daniel Sobelman, “Four Years After the Withdrawal from Lebanon.”

51.
“Factbox: How Hizbollah Captured Israeli Soldiers,” Reuters, July 13, 2006.

52.
“Nasrallah: We Are Working on Making This Year the Year to Free Our Brothers in Israeli Detention,”
The Daily Star,
Feb. 10, 2006.

53.
Greg Myre and Steven Erlanger, “Israelis Enter Lebanon After Attacks,”
The New York Times,
July 13, 2006.

54.
Amir Oren, “The Longest Month,”
Haaretz,
Aug. 18, 2006.

55.
Jon Finer, “Israeli Soldiers Find a Tenacious Foe in Hezbollah,”
The Washington Post,
Aug. 8, 2006; and Lin Noueihed, “Israel Faces Invisible Enemy in Southern Lebanon,” Reuters, Aug. 2, 2006.

56.
“Nasrallah: No Second Round,”
As Safir,
Aug. 28, 2006, translation of interview on New TV by Miriam al Bassam.

57.
Adam Entous, “More Than 60 pct of Israelis Want Olmert to Quit—Poll,”
Reuters,
Aug. 25, 2006.

58.
“Poll Finds Support for Hizbullah’s Retaliation: Opinions Diverge on Sectarian Lines—But Not Completely,” Beirut Center for Research & Information, July 29, 2006.

59.
Edward Cody, “Staying Power Adds to Hezbollah’s Appeal,”
The Washington Post,
Aug. 2, 2006.

60.
Steven Erlanger, “Israeli Officer Says Army Aims to Kill Nasrallah,”
The New York Times,
Aug. 20, 2006.

61.
Zeina Karam, “Hezbollah Leader Says He Wouldn’t Have Ordered the Capture of Two Israeli Soldiers Knowing It Would Lead to Such a War,”
Associated Press,
Aug. 27, 2006; and “Nasrallah Regrets War in Hindsight,”
The Daily Star,
Aug. 27, 2006.

62.
“Hizbullah Shuts Down Posts Near Shabaa Farms, Moves Out Weapons,” Agence France Presse, quoted by
Naharnet,
Aug. 28, 2006.

63.
Nadia Abou El-Magd, “For Majority of Arabs, Hezbollah Won, Israel Army No Longer Unbeatable,”
Associated Press,
Aug. 17, 2006.

64.
Ibid.

65.
David Rising, “Hezbollah’s Fierce Resistance Giving Rise to Increased Arab Support,” Associated Press, July 30, 2006.

66.
Nadia Abou El-Magd, “Nearly a Month Into Lebanon Fighting, Arab Anger at Their Governments Grows,” Associated Press, Aug. 7, 2006.

67.
Mohammed Bazzi, “Some Fear a Thousand New Bin Ladens,”
Newsday,
Aug. 1, 2006.

68.
Interview with Hassan Nasrallah, al Jazeera, Sept. 12, 2006.

69.
Robin Wright and Peter Baker, “Iraq, Jordan See Threat to Election from Iran: Leaders Warn Against Forming Religious State,”
The Washington Post,
Dec. 8, 2004.

70.
Hassan Hassan and Abdullah Taa’i, “Hizbullah in the Eyes of Syrians During the War,” written for SyriaComment.com, Sept. 6, 2006.