Drinking Water (37 page)

p. 47

go dormant and “turn off”: See generally Luis P. Villarreal, “Are Viruses Alive?,”
Scientific American
, Dec. 2004, 100.

p. 48

the United Nations passed a resolution: The Human Right to Water and Sanitation, A/64/L.63/Rev.1 (2010).

p. 48

“lack of access to clean water”: Maude Barlow, “Access to Clean Water is Most Violated Human Right,”
The Guardian
, July 21, 2010.

p. 48

“access to clean water for basic needs”: Maude Barlow, “Blue Gold: The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of the World’s Water Supply,” Council of Canadians (2001),
http://www.canadians.org//water/publications/Blue_Gold.html
.

p. 48

“the needs of the communities”: “Water Privatization,” Food & Water Watch,
http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/water/private-vs-public
.

p. 49

settlements since the Neolithic time: Robert Miller, “Water Use in Syria and Palestine from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age,”
World Archaeology
11 (Feb. 1980), 331– 333; Andrew Sherratt, “Water, Sail and Seasonality in Early Cereal Cultivation,”
World Archaeology
11 (Feb. 1980), 313–314.

p. 49

water storage sites have been found: Miller, “Water Use in Syria and Palestine,” 335–336.

p. 49

reservoirs and plumbing have been identified: “Global Trends In Urban Water Supply And Waste Water Financing And Management,” OECD, 2000.

p. 49

down the mountain slope: Jeff L. Brown, “Water Supply and Drainage at Macchu Picchu,”
WaterHistory.org
,
www.waterhistory.org/histories/machu
.

p. 50

Jewish law regarding drinking water: Melanne Andromecca Civic, “A Comparative Analysis of the Israeli and Arab Water Law Traditions and Insights for Modern Water Sharing Agreement,”
Denver Journal of International Law and Policy
22 (1998), 437.

p. 50

“rivers and streams forming springs”: Ibid., citing Dante A. Caponera,
Principles of Water Law and Administration
22 (1992); Talmud Bavli Shabbat, 121b; Beitza, 391; Eiruvin, 46a and 48a; Tosephta Baba Qama, 6, 15.

p. 51

“just as thou refused the surplus”: As quoted in Civic, “A Comparative Analysis of the Israeli and Arab Water Law Traditions,” 442. As quoted in Dante Caponera, “Water Laws in Moslem Countries,” U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization Development Paper No. 43 (Mar. 1954), 15–16.

p. 51

the Bedouin in the Negev: Aaron T. Wolf, “Indigenous Approaches to Water Conflict Negotiations and Implications for International Waters,”
International Negotiation
5 (2000), 357–363.

p. 51

“neither may be denied anyone”: Ibid.

p. 51

described the system as “always ask”: Deborah Rose, “Fresh Water Rights and Biophilia: Indigenous Australian Perspectives,”
Dialogue
23 (Mar. 2004), 37.

p. 51

“no one should be denied access”: Pinimidzai Sithole, “Environmental Cultures of Development and Indigenous Knowledge: The Erosion of Traditional Boundaries in Conserving Wetlands in Rural Zimbabwe,” IASCP 10th Biennial Conference (Aug. 2004).

p. 52

“You go to someone”: Nontokozo Nemarundwe and Witness Kozanayi, “Institutional Arrangements for Water Resource Use: A Case Study from Southern Zimbabwe,”
Journal of Southern African Studies
29 (Mar. 2003), 202–204.

p. 52

upper castes maintain distinct water sources: Nandita Singh, “Water management traditions in Rural India: Valuing the Unvalued,” 18th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies (July 2004), available at
http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/21Nanditaingh.pdf
.

p. 52

public utilities are required to provide: Jim Rossi, “The Common Law ‘Duty To Serve’ and Protection of Consumers in an Age of Competitive Retail Public Utility Restructuring,”
Vanderbilt Law Review
51 (1998), 1233.

p. 52

treated as a fungible item for sale: Johannes M. Renger, “Institutional, Communal and Individual Ownership or Possession of Arable Land in Ancient Mesopotamia,”
Chicago-Kent Law Review
71 (1995), 269, 302.

p. 53

aqueducts play a critical part: A. Trevor Hodge,
Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply
(London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1992), 5.

p. 53

The famed Pont du Gard in France: The photograph can be found at Wikimedia,
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pontdugard.png
.

p. 54

fountains, gardens, and even public toilets: In all, eleven aqueducts were constructed over approximately 550 years. O. F.Robinson,
Ancient Rome: City Planning and Administration
(London: Routledge, 1992), 98.

p. 54

the aqueducts forded rivers: Nelson Manfred Blake,
Water for the Cities: A History of the Urban Water Supply Problem in the United States
(Syracuse University Press, 1956), 14–15.

p. 54

prized water went to private uses: Evans,
Water Distribution in Ancient Rome
, 92 and 141.

p. 54

Excavations in Pompeii: Ibid., 11; “Watering Ancient Rome,”
Nova
(Feb. 2000), available at
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/roman/watering2.html
.

p. 54

the economics of Roman water supply: J. G. Landels,
Engineering in the Ancient World
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002), 49. Hodge,
Roman Aqueducts
, 120: “The
lacus
must have been as significant a social institution as the mediaeval village well, and it is small wonder that people of sensitivity, and sufficient financial means, preferred to pay for a private supply.”

p. 54

40 percent of all the water delivered: Evans,
Water Distribution in Ancient Rome
, 141.

p. 54

pipes running from the main system: Landels,
Engineering in the Ancient World
, 34.

p. 55

jutting out from the sidewalk: The photograph can be found at Wikimedia,
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pompeii0069.jpg
.

p. 55

daily water delivered to a Roman household: Evans,
Water Distribution in Ancient Rome
, 19.

p. 55

Piped delivery of water: Christer Bruun,
The Water Supply of Ancient Rome: A Study of Roman Imperial Administration
(Helsinki: Societas Scientarum Fennica, 1991), 77.

p. 55

to draw water illicitly: See Rabun Taylor,
Public Needs and Private Pleasures: Water Distribution, the Tiber River and the Urban Development of Ancient Rome
(Rome: L’Erma Di Bretschneider, 2000), 73–74.

p. 55

fine of 100,000 sesterces: Frontinus, quoting the
Lex Quinctia
, quoted in Taylor,
Public Needs and Private Pleasures
, 73

p. 55

construction was funded: Deane R. Blackman and Trevor A. Hodge, eds,
Frontinus’ Legacy: Essays on Frontinus’ De Aquis Urbis Romae
(Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 2001), 86; Evans,
Water Distribution in Ancient Rome
, 8.

p. 56

to cover the costs of system maintenance: Landels,
Engineering in the Ancient World
, 49; Evans,
Water Distribution in Ancient Rome
, 9.

p. 56

from ninety-one to almost six hundred: Malott,
Nomine Caesaris
, 6.

p. 56

historian Matthew Malott has written: Ibid., 5–6.

p. 57

San Marco church carries an inscription: Paolo Squatriti,
Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000
(Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the Univ. of Cambridge, 1998), 29–30.

p. 57

collected rainwater in cisterns: Michael C. Finnegan, “New York City’s Watershed Agreement: A Lesson in Sharing Responsibility,”
Pace Environmental Law Review
14 (1997), 577, 586.

p. 58

cuts between Chambers and Canal: Charles H. Weidner,
Water for a City: A History of New York City’s Problem from the Beginning to the Delaware System
(1974), 15.

p. 58

“many publique wells enclosed”: As quoted in Gerard T. Koeppel,
Water for Gotham: A History
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 21, citing Wayne Andrews, “A Glance at New York in 1697: The Travel Diary of Dr. Benjamin Bullivant,”
New York Historical Society Quarterly
40 (Jan. 1956), 55–73.

p. 59

the well water was so terrible: Koeppel,
Water for Gotham
, 27.

p. 59

“the worse this evil will be”: Blake,
Water for the Cities
, 46.

p. 59

attractive landscaped gardens: Ibid., 13.

p. 60

“110 hogheads of 130 gallons each”: Ibid., 13–14.

p. 60

how much money could be made: Ibid.

p. 60

to fund the public works: Images reprinted with permission from obsoletecurrency.blogspot.com.

p. 61

fled to escape the contagion: Blake,
Water for the Cities
, 5.

p. 62

“the corporation of the city Employ”: Ibid., 3.

p. 62

powers that the Philadelphia City Council: Ibid., 47.

p. 63

Burr is on top and Hamilton: The portraits can be found at Wikimedia,
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Burr.jpg
,
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hamilton_small.jpg
.

p. 64

provide free water for fighting fires: Blake,
Water for the Cities
, 50–51.

p. 64

the company would lose its charter: Ibid., 51.

p. 64

“any other monied transactions”: Ibid., 50–51.

p. 65

the bare minimum to maintain its charter: Finnegan, “New York City’s Watershed Agreement,” 589.

p. 65

each additional fireplace: Blake,
Water for the Cities
, 59.

p. 65

“linen happily escapes the contamination”: Ibid., 126.

p. 65

“the most outrageous insult”: Ibid., 54.

p. 66

“less good water than the Dutch had bequeathed”: Ibid., 101.

p. 66

a severe cholera epidemic: Ibid., 133.