Ebony and Ivy (60 page)

41
. Samuel Johnson to Sir William Johnson, 16 January 1767, Samuel Johnson to William Samuel Johnson, 11 February 1767, remarks recorded on the back of printed publication “At a General Assembly of the Governor and Company of the Colony of Connecticut, holden at Hartford, on the Eighth Day of May A.D. 1766,” Samuel Johnson Papers, Letter Books, vol. III.

42
. Samuel Auchmuty to William Johnson, 14 November 1768, in Sullivan, ed.,
Papers of Sir William Johnson
, VI:455–58; Colin G. Calloway,
The Indian History of an American Institution: Native Americans and Dartmouth
(Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Press, 2010), 8, 23–24.

43
. William Johnson to Eleazar Wheelock, 8 August 1766, “To the Clergy of the Church of England Lately Assembled in Convention,” December 1766, Guy Johnson to Myles Cooper, 1 December 1767, William Johnson to William Smith, 18 December 1767, in Sullivan, ed.,
Papers of Sir William Johnson
, V:342–44, 460–62, 837–39, VI:18, VIII:857.

44
. Speech of Captain Onoonghwandekha at the funeral of a Seneca, in Walter Pilkington, ed.,
The Journals of Samuel Kirkland: 18th-Century Missionary to the Iroquois, Government Agent, Father of Hamilton College
(Clinton, NY: Hamilton College Press, 1980), 23–25, 37–38. On the Iroquois dialogue about race, see David J. Silverman, “The Curse of God: An Idea and Its Origins among the Indians of New York's Revolutionary Frontier,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, July 2009, 495–534.

45
. “Journal of Lieutenant Thomas Blake,” “Journal of Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Dearborn,” and “Journal of Captain Daniel Livermore,” in Frederick Cook, ed.,
Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan
(Auburn, NY: Knapp, Peck, and Thomson, 1887), 39, 64, 182; Lt. Col. Adam Hubley Jr., “Orderly Book, July to October 1779” (transcribed by Brandon Rapp), Revolutionary War Collection, MG-98, Folder 11, Lancaster County Historical Society, 16, 18; General George Washington
to Major-General Sullivan, 31 May 1779, in Sparks, ed.,
Writings of George Washington
, VI:264–67.

46
. Dunmore appointed a resident of Pennsylvania as a Virginia militia captain and ordered him to seize Pittsburgh. Captain John Connolly then occupied the ruins of Fort Pitt, declared Fort Dunmore, and issued orders to the local residents to muster in service of Virginia. He was arrested. In the struggle that followed with Penn, Murray argued that he had an obligation to protect the western frontier from Indian attacks and the charter authority to make policy in the disputed region. He sent surveyors into the area and instigated conflicts with the Lenape and Shawnee to encourage settler violence as a pretense for war. He readied an army of more than two thousand men. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg Richards,
The Pennsylvania-German in the Revolutionary War, 1775–1783
(1908; Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1978), 308–38; Glenn F. Williams,
Year of the Hangman: George Washington's Campaign Against the Indians
(Westholme, 2006), 19–30; Colin G. Calloway,
The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 36–40.

47
. General George Washington to the President of Congress, 29 March 1777, General George Washington to Philip Schuyler, James Duane, and Volkert P. Duow, Commissioners of Indian Affairs, 13 March 1778, in Sparks, ed.,
Writings of George Washington
, IV:369–71, V:273–74; statement of Captain Solomon, Chief of the Stockbridge Indians, 15 January 1776, delivered to Jonathan Edwards, Wyllys Papers, 1633–1829, V:8, Connecticut Historical Society; Nathanael Greene to George Washington, 5 January 1779, in Richard K. Showman et al., eds.,
The Papers of General Nathanael Greene
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), III:144–45; Terry Golway,
Washington's General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution
(New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 198.

48
. General George Washington to Colonel Daniel Brodhead, 22 March 1779, in Sparks, ed.,
Writings of George Washington
, VI:205–7.

49
. William Shippen Jr., White Plains, New York, 11 August 1778, Shippen Family Papers, Cartons 3–4; Walter Stahr,
John Jay: Founding Father
(New York: Hambledon, 2005), 347–48; William Livingston to James Duane, 3 November 1779,
Publications of the Southern History Association
, January 1904, 55–56.

50
. Book of Nehemiah, 4:14; “Journal of Rev. William Rogers, D.D.,” in Cook, ed.,
Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan
, 6n, 103, 246–51, 346n, 385.

51
. General George Washington to the Marquis de Lafayette, 20 October 1779, in Sparks, ed.,
Writings of George Washington
, VI:382–86; Robert F. Dalzell Jr. and Lee Baldwin Dalzell,
George Washington's Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America
(New York: Oxford, 1998), 174; Isabel Thompson Kelsay,
Joseph Brant, 1743–1807: Man of Two Worlds
(Syracuse, NY:
Syracuse University Press, 1984), 279; “Journal of Lieut. Erkuries Beatty,” in Cook, ed.,
Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan
, 17; Barbara Alice Mann,
George Washington's War on Native America
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), 27–36.

On Africans and African Americans living among and with Indians, see Celia E. Naylor,
African Cherokees in Indian Territory: From Chattel to Citizens
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008); Laura L. Lovett, “‘African and Cherokee by Choice': Race and Resistance Under Legalized Segregation,”
American Indian Quarterly
, Winter/Spring 1998, 203–229; Patrick N. Minges,
Slavery in the Cherokee Nation: The Keetoowah Society and the Defining of a People
(New York: Routledge, 2003); Tiya Miles,
Ties That Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); Claudio Saunt,
Black, White, and Indian: Race and the Unmaking of an American Family
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); Daniel F. Littlefield Jr.,
Africans and Creeks: From the Colonial Period to the Civil War
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1979); Gary Zellar,
African Creeks: Estelvste and the Creek Nation
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007).

52
. “Journal of Major Jeremiah Fogg,” in Cook, ed.,
Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan
, 98; Mrs. A. J. Fogg and J. L. M. Willis, eds.,
The Fogg Family of America: The Reunions of the Fogg Families, 1902–3–4–5–6
(Eliot, ME: Historical Press, 1907), 81–84, 112.

53
. “Journal of Lieut. Erkuries Beatty,” “Journal of Dr. Jabez Campfield,” and “Journal of Lieut. Charles Nukerck,” in Cook, ed.,
Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan
, 23, 58, 217; John Frelinghuysen Hageman,
History of Princeton and Its Institutions
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1878), 221.

54
. “Journal of Lieut. Col. Adam Hubley,” “Journal of Lieut. John Jenkins,” and “Journal of Captain Daniel Livermore,” in Cook, ed.,
Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan
, 151–63, 168–74, 178–88; entry for 16 August 1779, “Journal of William McKendry, July 1778 to January 1780,” Robert Gorham Davis Papers, MS 0330, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

55
. “Journal of Major Jeremiah Fogg,” 92–101.

56
. “Journal of Lieut. William Barton,” “Journal of Lieut. Erkuries Beatty,” “Journal of Major John Burrowes,” “Journal of Major Jeremiah Fogg,” “Journal of Serg't Major George Grant,” “Journal of Lieut. Adam Hubley,” and “Journal of Sergeant Thomas Roberts,” in Cook, ed.,
Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan
, 8, 27–30, 44–45, 95, 112–13, 156–57, 165, 244; entry for 17 August 1779, “Journal of William McKendry.”

57
. Philip Van Cortlandt to Gilbert Van Cortlandt, 22 August 1779, in Jacob Judd, ed.,
The Revolutionary War Memoir and Selected Correspondence of
Philip Van Cortlandt
(Tarrytown, NY: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1976), 141–43; entries for 8 and 9 November 1779, “Journal of William McKendry”; Philip Schuyler to James Duane, 5 February 1781,
Publications of the Southern History Association
, September 1904, 384–86.

58
. Stiles,
United States Elevated to Glory and Honor
, 8–10.

59
. Ibid., 5–14.

60
. Laurence M. Hauptman,
Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1999).

61
. Pilkington, ed.,
The Journals of Samuel Kirkland
, 189–93, 245–49; Samuel Kirkland to Joseph Brant, 3 January 1792 (#144a), and John Kemp to Samuel Kirkland, 5 February 1794 (#165a), Correspondence of Samuel Kirkland, Samuel Kirkland Papers, College Archives, Burke Library, Hamilton College.

1
. The American Philosophical Society was founded in 1743. Anthony F. C. Wallace,
Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1999), 241–48; Stephen E. Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 59–151; James P. Ronda, “‘To Acquire What Knowledge You Can': Thomas Jefferson as Exploration Patron and Planner,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
, September 2006, 409–13; J. Diane Pearson, “Medical Diplomacy and the American Indian: Thomas Jefferson, the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and the Subsequent Effects on American Indian Health and Public Policy,”
Wicazo Sa Review
, Spring 2004, 105–11.

2
. Joseph Foster,
Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford: Their Parentage, Birthplace, and Year of Birth, with a Record of Their Degrees
, vol. IV (Oxford: James Parker, 1891); W. W. Rouse Ball and J. A. Venn,
Admissions to Trinity College, Cambridge
(London: Macmillan, 1911–13), II:591, III:3; John Venn and J. A. Venn,
Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922–54); Peter John Anderson,
Roll of Alumni in Arts of the University and King's College of Aberdeen, 1596–1860
(Aberdeen: Printed for the University, 1900); George Dames Burtchaell et al., eds.,
Alumni Dublinenses: A Register of the Students, Graduates, Professors and Provosts of Trinity College, in the University of Dublin
(London: Williams and Norgate, 1924); John D. Harbreaves,
Academe and Empire: Some Overseas Connections of Aberdeen University, 1860–1970
(Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1994), v; Edward C. Mead, ed.,
Genealogical History of the
Lee Family of Virginia and Maryland from A.D. 1300 to A.D. 1866 with Notes and Illustrations
(New York: Richardson, 1868), 57–58, appendix; W. Innes Addison, ed.,
The Matriculation Albums of the University of Glasgow from 1728 to 1858
(Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, 1913), 2–3.

3
. Douglas Sloan,
The Scottish Enlightenment and the American College Ideal
(New York: Teachers College Press, 1971), 190–93; Guenter B. Risse,
New Medical Challenges During the Scottish Enlightenment
(Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2005), 69–70; Gulielmo Shippen, Juniore, “Oratio Salutatoria Habita In Comitus Academicis Novarcae in Nova-Caesaria Sexto Calendas Octobris 1754,” Shippen Family Papers, Cartons 3–4, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; Betsey Copping Corner, “Day Book of an Education: William Shippen's Student Days in London (1759–1760) and His Subsequent Career,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
, April 21, 1950, esp. 134–36.

4
. Benjamin Rush, Edinburgh, to Jonathan Smith, 30 April 1767, Henley Smith Collection, Box 1, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress; David Hosack,
Biographical Memoir of Hugh Williamson, M.D., LL.D., … Delivered on the First Day of November, 1819, at the Request of the New-York Historical Society
(New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1820), 18–23; Risse,
New Medical Challenges
, 84. Rush dedicated his dissertation to Benjamin Franklin. Benjaminus Rush,
Dissertatio Physica Inauguralis, de Coctione Ciborum in Ventriculo: Quam, Annuente Summo Numine, Ex Auctoriate Reverendi admodum Viri, Gulielmi Robertson, S.S.T.P. Academiae Edinburgenai Praefecti
… (Edinburgh: Balfour, Auld, and Smellie, 1768).

5
. Samuel Bard to John Bard, 28 November 1761, 25 September 1762, and Samuel Bard to Hon[ored] Parents, 23 January 1762, Bard Family Papers, Box 1, Folders 7 and 8, Archives and Special Collections, Stevenson Library, Bard College; Michael Sappol,
A Traffic of Dead Bodies: Anatomy and Embodied Social Identity in Nineteenth-Century America
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 48–50; Samuel Bard to John Bard, 30 January 1763, Bard Collection, Malloch Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine; Samuel Bard,
A Discourse upon the Duties of a Physician, with Some Sentiments on the Usefulness and Necessity of a Public Hospital: Delivered before the President and Governors of King's College, at the Commencement Held on the 16th of May 1769. As Advice to Those Gentlemen Who then Received the First Medical Degrees Conferred by that University
… (New York: A. and J. Robertson, 1769); Samuel Bard,
A Discourse on the Importance of Medical Education, Delivered on the Fourth of November, 1811, at the Opening of the Present Session of the Medical College of Physicians and Surgeons
(New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1812); Alfred R. Hoermann,
Cadwallader Colden: A Figure of the American Enlightenment
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002), 31; Abraham Ernest Helffenstein,
Pierre Fauconnier and His Descendants with Some Account of the
Allied Valleaux
(Philadelphia: S. H. Burbank, 1911), 82–83; Samuel Bard,
Tentamen Medicum Inaugurale, De Viribus Opii
… (Edinburgh: A. Donaldson and J. Reid, 1765); John Bard to Samuel Bard, 15 August 1765, Miscellaneous Manuscripts, Box 1, John Bard and Samuel Bard Correspondence Folder, Health Sciences Library, Archives and Special Collections, Columbia University.