Ebony and Ivy (69 page)

8
. Entries for 10 February, 25 March, and 7 May 1835, in the “Meeting Minutes, 1825–1847,” Josiah Quincy Papers, Box 6, Harvard University Archives; John A. Walz, “The Early Days of the German Department,”
Harvard Alumni Bulletin
, 20 May 1914, 528–30; George Washington Spindler,
The Life of Karl Follen: A Study in German-American Cultural
Relations
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1917), 110–11; George Ticknor,
Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor
(Boston: James R. Osgood, 1876), I:400–401.

9
. Edmund Quincy,
Life of Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts
(Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1867), 360; Briggs,
History and Genealogy of the Cabot Family
, II:595–96; Donnarae MacCann,
White Supremacy in Children's Literature: Characterizations of African Americans, 1830–1900
(New York: Routledge, 2001), 56–57; Eliza Lee Cabot Follen,
The Skeptic
(Cambridge: J. Munroe, 1835); Eliza Lee Cabot Follen,
Sketches of Married Life
(Boston: Hilliard Gray, 1838).

10
. Channing also directed an open letter on slavery to the merchant Jonathan Phillips—a second cousin of Wendell Phillips—one of the donors to Follen's professorship. Samuel Eliot Morison,
Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936), 254–55; Follen,
Life of Charles Follen
, 104–10; William Ellery Channing,
On the Evils of Slavery
(Richmond, IN: Central Book and Tract Committee of Friends, n.d.); William Ellery Channing,
Slavery
(Boston, 1835); William Ellery Channing, “Remarks on the Slavery Question, in a Letter to Jonathan Phillips, Esq.,”
The Works of William E. Channing, D.D
. (Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1875), 782–820; George Willis Cooke,
Unitarianism in America: A History of Its Origin and Development
(Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1902), esp. 359;
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, at Its Seventh Annual Meeting, Held in Boston, January 23, 1838
, printed in the
Seventh Annual Report of the Board of Managers of the Mass[achusetts]. Anti-Slavery Society. Presented January 24, 1839
(Boston: Isaac Knapp, 1839).

11
. Briggs,
History and Genealogy of the Cabot Family
, esp. I:342, II:489–90; David Richardson, ed.,
Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth Century Slave Trade to America
(Bristol: Bristol Record Society, 1986–1996), II:128, 141, III:14, 18; Elizabeth Donnan, ed.,
Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America
(Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1930–35), III:88, 99n–100n, IV:631; Frank Edward Manuel and Fritzie P. Manuel,
James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers
(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2004), 240.

12
. Emphasis added. May,
Discourse on the Life and Character of the Rev. Charles Follen
, 17.

13
. William B. Weeden,
Economic and Social History of New England, 1620–1789
(New York: Hillary House, 1963), esp. II:466–72, 607–9.

14
. Joseph C. and Owen Lovejoy,
Memoir of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy; Who Was Murdered in Defence of the Liberty of the Press, at Alton, Illinois, Nov. 7, 1837
, with an introduction by John Quincy Adams (New York: John S. Taylor, 1838); Eliza Wigham,
The Anti-Slavery Cause in America and Its Martyrs
(London: A. W. Bennett, 1863), 37–45; James Brewer Stewart,
Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1976), 72; John Langdon Sibley,
Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts
(Cambridge, MA: Charles William Sever, 1873–), I:221–27;
Liberator
, 9 February 1838, 16 February 1838, 30 October 1840.

15
. Quincy, “Address Illustrative of the Nature and Power of the Slave States,” 2–6, 8.

16
. Josiah Quincy,
A Municipal History of the Town and City of Boston, During Two Centuries. From September 17, 1630, to September 17, 1830
(Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1852), 354; Carol Bundy,
The Nature of Sacrifice: A Biography of Charles Russell Lowell, Jr., 1835–1864
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 68; Jared Sparks,
The Life of Gouverneur Morris: With Selections from His Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers, Detailing Events in the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Political History of the United States
(Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1832); Jared Sparks, ed.,
The Writings of George Washington: Being His Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and Other Papers, Official and Private, Selected and Published from the Original Manuscripts
(Boston: Ferdinand Andrews, 1839); Paul A. Varg,
Edward Everett: The Intellectual in the Turmoil of Politics
(Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press; Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1992), 23–24; Ashbel Green,
A Historical Sketch or Compendious View of Domestic and Foreign Missions in the Presbyterian Church of the United States of America
(Philadelphia: William S. Martien, 1838); John Maclean,
A History of the College of New Jersey, from Its Origin in 1746 to the Commencement of 1854
(Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1877); Archibald Alexander,
A History of Colonization on the Western Coast of Africa
(1846; New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), 48–59; William Alexander Duer,
The Life of William Alexander, Earl of Stirling, Major-General in the Army of the United States During the Revolution, with Selections from His Correspondence, by His Grandson
(New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1847); William Alexander Duer,
New-York as It Was During the Latter Part of the Last Century: An Anniversary Address Delivered before the St. Nicholas Society, of the City of New York, December 1st, 1848
(New York: Stanford and Swords, 1849).

17
. See the records from the Cuba plantations and operations, DeWolfe Papers, Box 8, Folders 1 and 2, Papers of the American Slave Trade, Series A, Part 2, Reel 11, Rhode Island Historical Society; James Coughtry,
The Notorious Triangle: Rhode Island and the African Slave Trade
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), esp. 31–49, 94, 236; James A. McMillin,
The Final Victims: Foreign Slave Trade to North America, 1783–1810
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2004), 37, 88–89; Quincy,
History of Harvard
, II:412–13, 542–45, 596–97; William Coolidge Lane, ed.,
Library of Harvard University: Bibliographical Contributions
(Cambridge,
MA: Library of Harvard University, 1903), 28;
Charles G. Loring vs. Israel Thorndike & Others
, November 1862, in Charles Allen,
Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1863), V:257–70; Gordon M. Stewart, “Christoph Daniel Ebeling: America's Friend in Eighteenth Century Germany,”
Monatshefte
, Summer 1976, 151–61; Charles Horatio Gates,
Memorials of the Class of 1835, Harvard University
(Boston: David Clapp and Son, 1886), 7–8; Stuart George McCook,
States of Nature: Science, Agriculture, and Environment in the Spanish Caribbean, 1760–1940
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), esp. 56–60; Rebecca J. Scott,
Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 111–19; Richard P. Tucker,
Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), esp. 38–42; César J. Ayala,
American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1898–1934
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 89–94.

18
. Robert F. Dalzell,
Enterprising Elite: The Boston Associates and the World They Made
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Thomas H. O'Connor,
The Athens of America: Boston 1825–1845
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006), 15–20; Harriette Knight Smith,
The History of Lowell Institute
(Boston: Lamson, Wolfe, 1898), 1–15, 49.

19
. “Abbott Lawrence,”
American Journal of Education and College Review
, January 1856, 205–15; William R. Lawrence, ed.,
Extracts from the Diary and Correspondence of the Late Amos Lawrence; with a Brief Account of Some of the Incidents of His Life
(Boston: D. Lothrop, 1855), 244–45; Dalzell,
Enterprising Elite
, 65–78, 150; Mary Ann James, “Engineering an Environment for Change: Bigelow, Peirce, and Early Nineteenth-Century Practical Education at Harvard,” in Clark A. Elliott and Margaret W. Rossiter, eds.,
Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives
(Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1992), 55–56; Morison,
Three Centuries of Harvard
, 279–80.

20
. Henry B. Nason, ed.,
Biographical Record of the Officers and Graduates of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1824–1886
(Troy, NY: William H. Young, 1887); Julius A. Stratton and Loretta H. Mannix,
Mind and Hand: The Birth of MIT
(Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2005), 17–20, 47–48; A. J. Angulo,
William Barton Rogers and the Idea of MIT
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 80–88; 43–47; Henry R. Stiles,
The Civil, Political, Professional and Ecclesiastical History and Commercial and Industrial Record of the County of Kings and the City of Brooklyn, N.Y., from 1683 to 1884
(New York: W. W. Munsell, 1884), I:598–99, 673–74, II:953, 1320; Craig Steven Wilder,
A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 53–58; F. A. P. Barnard, “On Improvements
Practicable in American Colleges,”
American Journal of Education and College Review
, January 1856, 174;
Charter, Trust Deed, and By-Laws of the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art: With the Letter of Peter Cooper, Accompanying the Trust Deed
(New York: Wm. C. Bryant, 1859).

21
. “Biographical Notices of the Late Dr. Charles Follen.”

Craig Steven Wilder
is a professor of American history and head of history faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and has taught at Williams College and Dartmouth College. Columbia University awarded him the University Medal of Excellence during its 250th Anniversary Commencement in 2004. He is also the author of
A Covenant with Color
and
In the Company of Black Men
, and he has advised and appeared in many historical documentaries including the History Channel series
FDR: A Presidency Revealed
and the award-winning PBS series,
New York: A Documentary Film
. He lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn

In the Company of Black Men: The African Influence on
African American Culture in New York City

Copyright © 2013 by Craig Steven Wilder

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eISBN: 978-1-60819-383-7

First U.S. edition 2013
Electronic edition published in September 2013

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