Emotional Design (34 page)

131 “Video games were once thought” (Klinkenborg, 2002)

131 “In
The Medium of the Video Game”
(Wolf, 2001). The list of categories was taken from the excerpt at:
http://www.robinlionheart.com/gamedev/genres.xhtml
.

132 “As Verlyn Klinkenborg says” (Klinkenborg, 2002)

136 “Byron Reeves and Clifford Nass” (Reeves & Nass, 1996)

136 “B. J. Fogg shows how people think.” The table is taken from his Table 5.1. (Fogg, 2002)

138 “It starts out with slight annoyance” (Hughes-Morgan, 2002)

139–140 “Now we get into the complex emotions” The basic analysis presented here comes from the work of the psychologists Andrew Ortony, Gerald Clore, and Allan Collins (Ortony, Clore, & Collins, 1988), although I have modified their interpretation somewhat, to fit the special emphasis on design in this book. The modifications are also in line with the work that I have done with them, in particular with Andrew Ortony and William Revelle. (Ortony, Norman, & Revelle, 2004)

141 “My 10-inch Wusthof chef knife.” Email received in response to my query on the CHI discussion group. May 2002. (CHI is the Computer-Human Interaction society.)

143 “It's human nature to trust our fellow man” (Mitnick & Simon, 2002, p. 32.) 144 “social psychologists Bibb Latané and John Darley” and “Bystander apathy” (Latané & Darley, 1970)

145 “Crew Resource Management” (Wiener, Kanki, & Helmreich, 1993)

146 “As I was writing this book” (Hennessy, Patterson, Lin, & National Research Council Committee on the Role of Information Technology in Responding to Terrorism, 2003)

148 “Everywhere is nowhere.” Thanks to John King, Dean of the School of Information at University of Michigan for the quotation from Seneca.

150 “Instant messenger.” Responses to my request to an on-line discussion group on design to tell me products they love or hate (Dec. 2002). The two paragraphs in this example were written by different people.

151 “Vernor Vinge, one of my favorite” (Vinge, 1993)

154 “Attention span . . . ten seconds.” I believe it is in James's
Principles of Psychology
(James, 1890), but although I have relied on this quotation for more than thirty years, it is also more than thirty years since I read it. Try as I might, I have been unable to find it again in order to provide a proper bibliographic reference.

154 “We carve out our own private spaces.” See William Whyte's book
City: Rediscovering the Center
(Whyte, 1988).

157 “Continually divided attention.” Linda Stone, then a vice president of Microsoft. Personal communication, PopTech! Conference, Camden, ME, 2002.

161 “Dave, stop . . .” Excerpt from the movie
2001
, from Bizony (1994), p. 60. 163 Photograph of C3PO and R2D2.
Star Wars: Episode IV
—
A New Hope
© 1977 and 1997 Lucasfilm Ltd. & ™. All rights reserved. Used under authorization. Unauthorized duplication is a violation of applicable law.

165 “The psychologists Robert Sekuler and Randolph Blake” (Sekuler & Blake, 1998)

166 “as happens to some emotionally impaired people” (Damasio, 1994, 1999) 169 “The 1980s was the decade of the PC.” Toshitada Doi, president of Sony Digital Creatures Laboratory. (Nov. 2000)

170–171 “Neal Stephenson's science fiction novel” (Stephenson, 1995)

173 “Rodney Brooks, one of the world's leading roboticists” (Brooks, 2002). The quotation is from page 125.

175 “Masahiro Mori, a Japanese roboticist”:
The Buddha in the Robot
(Mori, 1982). The argument that we are more bothered when the robot is too close to human appearance comes from an essay by Dave Bryant (Bryant, not dated). Bryant attributes the argument to Mori, but when I bought Mori's book and read it, although I enjoyed the book, I found not even a hint of this argument. Nonetheless, it is a great point.

176 “Philip K. Dick's” (Dick, 1968) 180 “I realized it would be a heck of a lot easier if we just gave them emotions.” Picard's quote comes from Cavelos (1999, pp. 107–108), but she reaffirmed it to me during my visit to her laboratory in 2002.

183 “The extent to which emotional upsets can interfere with mental life” (Goleman,

1995). The quote was taken from (Kort, Reilly, & Picard, 2001).

184 “Professor Rosalind Picard” (Picard, 1997)

185 “Even the most controlled person.” The basic research was done by Paul Ekman (Ekman, 1982, 2003). An excellent popular description is in the New Yorker article by Malcolm Gladwell (Gladwell, 2002).

186 “National Research Council” (National Research Council Committee to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph, 2002)

188 “Perhaps the earliest such experience was with Eliza.” The work on Eliza was done in the 1960s. It is reviewed in Weizenbaum's book (Weizenbaum, 1976).

190 “Do you think that I can use” Conversation between Danny Bobrow, Eliza, and the VP. A transcript of the conversation has been made available by Güven Güzeldere and Stefano Franchi: I copied it from their website (Güzeldere & Franchi,

1995). I also confirmed the details through conversation and email with Bobrow (Dec. 27, 2002).

191 “
Computer Power and Human Reason”
(Weizenbaum, 1976)

191 “
Designing Sociable Robots”
(Breazeal, 2002)

192 (
Figure 6.6
). The photograph of Kismet comes from
http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/sociable/ongoing-research.html
(with permission). For more detailed description, see Cynthia Breazeal's book
Designing Sociable
Robots
(Breazeal, 2002).

194 “These things push on our buttons.” Quotations of Turkle taken from an interview with L. Kahney, in
Wired.com
(but I corrected the grammar). (Kahney, 2001).

196 “most of the world governments banned robot use” (Asimov, 1950)

197 “Asimov's Four Laws of Robotics.” Roger Clarke, in his writings and on his authoritative web site (Clarke, 1993, 1994), dates the origins of laws one, two, and three from Clarke's discussion with science fiction author and editor John Campbell in 1940 (Asimov, 1950, 1983). The zeroth law was added 45 years later, in 1985 (Asimov, 1985).

200 “Do what I mean, not what I say.” Note that DWIM (Do What I Mean) is a very old concept: Warren Teitelman introduced it into the command interpretation system of the LISP computer programming system in 1972. When it works, it is very, very nice.

202 “Asimov's main failure” A good review of the work on emergent systems, that is, against central control, is in Johnson's book
Emergence
(Johnson, 2001).

203 “There already are some safety regulations that apply to robots” (
Industrial Robots and Robot System Safety. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Department of Labor, OSHA Technical Manual (TED 1-0.15A)
, 1999)

215 “You may recall Victor Papanek's short book” (Papanek & Hennessey, 1977)

220 “Stuart Brand . . . has shown” (Brand, 1994)

223 “John Seymour's wonderful description” (Seymour, 2001)

224 “Steve Harrison and Paul Dourish” (Harrison & Dourish, 1996)

226 “My own web site.” Response to my query for people on an email discussion list abut design to tell me of products or websites they love, hate, or have a love-hate relationship with (Dec. 2002).

227 “If you want a golden rule” (Morris, 1882. Quotation is from chapter 3, “The Beauty of Life,” originally delivered before the Birmingham Society of Arts and School of Design, February 19, 1880.)

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.

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.

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.

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.

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