Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China (81 page)

Jellicoe, Captain 266

Jenks, Jeremiah 316

Jesuits 21, 25, 31, 94

Jiao 29

Jiaozhou Bay 213–14

Johnson, President Andrew 77

Judicious Punishment Department 194

Junglu 49, 114, 116, 223, 232, 233, 251, 264, 267, 269, 272, 273, 287, 357, 357
n

Kaifeng 307–8, 309

Kaiping 123, 125

Kang, Guangren 229, 240–1

Kang Youwei
see
Wild Fox Kang

Kangxi, Emperor 21, 34, 41, 42, 83, 100, 102, 250

kao-niu
(captives bound and cuffed in manner of) 29

Kawashima Naniwa 358

Ketteler, Baron von 270, 270
n
, 357

Keyl, Friedrich 32

Kinder, Claude W. 125

Korea 130, 164, 181–90, 182
n
, 192, 195, 354, 356, 360

Kotaro Munakata 245

Kou Liancai 244n

Kow-shing
(ship) 187

Kowloon Peninsula 216

kowtow 10, 70, 71, 103, 115, 157, 290, 357

Lang Son 138

Laos 130

Lee Lianying 139, 164–6, 170, 281, 282, 333, 335, 352
n
, 362, 369 legations, Beijing: Emperor Xianfeng and 39, 59; anti-Christian riots, 1870 and 94; wedding of Emperor Tongzhi and 101; apply for audience with Emperor Tongzhi with exemption from kowtow 102–3; French Legation doctor examines Emperor Guangxu 248; sympathy with Emperor Guangxu 251, 255, 256; Cixi attempts to charm 252–4, 311–17, 350; Boxers and 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 273–4, 274
n
, 300, 311–12; siege of Legation Quarter, 267, 273–4, 274
n
, 294
n see also under individual nation name

Li Bai 31

Li Bingheng, Governor 212, 213, 214, 278

Li, Earl (Li Hongzhang): Taiping Rebellion and 60, 61, 62; promotion of Han personages and 62; opposes modernisation projects 67; Westerners high regard for 67; backs sending teenagers to America for education 82; Tianjin riot, 1870 and 94–5; Viceroy of Zhili 95, 276, 308; Cixi consults on issue of envoys kowtow 103; Cixi discusses stragety for modernisation with 118; slave-labour trade and 121; purchase of ironclad ships, role in 122; argues for introduction of railway 125; asks for permission to build textile factories 127; proposes letting Xinjiang go 130; Sino-French War, 1884–5, negotiator during 136–7, 138, 139; reaction to imminent departure of Cixi in favour of Emperor Guangxu 150, 151; rule of Emperor Guangxu and 150, 151, 157, 163, 164, 172–3; Summer Palace and 162; Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 and 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186–7, 188, 189–90; Treaty of Shimonoseki, 1895 and 197, 198–9, 200, 201, 205, 206; Russo–Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896, negotiates 207–8, 209; sacked and fined for ‘trespassing into a royal estate’ 209–10; end of political partnership with Cixi 209–10; German seizure of Qingdao and 214; Russian seizure of Port Arthur, role in 215–16; reaction on hearing of plans to employ Itō as adviser 235; Timothy Richard and 239; opposition to removal of Emperor Guangxu 251; Boxers and 268, 269, 275, 276; negotiates Boxer Protocol, 1901 284, 286, 296, 298, 307; loses composure in presence of Cixi 290; death of 307–8; General Yuan steps into shoes of 337; never a member of Grand Council 347

Liang Qichao 224, 226, 229, 240, 242, 334, 341, 349, 350, 356

Liaodong Peninsula 192, 199, 202, 213, 214

Lin Shaonian, Grand Councillor 356

Lin Zexu 22, 23

Lincoln, Abraham 77

Lishan, Lord Chamberlain 278

Little An (An Dehai) 83–7, 89, 93, 99, 115, 116, 117, 129, 139

Liu Bei 360

Liu Kunyi, Viceroy 284, 285

Liuqiu (Ryukyu) Islands 130, 133, 181

Longyu, Empress 153, 154, 167, 254, 279, 366, 368–70

Lu 193

Luttrell, Lieutenant Fownes 266

Ma Xinyi, Viceroy 94, 347

Macartney, Lord 20, 20
n
, 21, 22, 33, 34, 103, 225

MacDonald, Lady 252, 253–4

MacDonald, Sir Claude 240, 242, 248, 252, 253–4, 257, 263, 269, 285

Manchu people: history of 3–4, 4
n
; hairstyle 4, 168; foot-binding and 5, 177; language 6, 25, 26, 51, 52, 80, 97, 148, 155, 196; emperor’s concubines as solely 8, 13; dress 10, 176–7, 320, 321, 323; milk drinking 12, 170; emperor’s wet-nurse as 19; posture of aristocratic 36; dancing 98; tea-drinking 170; nails 172; Inner City and 267; Grand Council dominated by 268; cuisine 281; Han-Manchu intermarriage 325; Han begin to question and reject rule of 328–9, 346–7, 348; reforms affect power of 346–7, 348; Cixi worries over fate of after her death 369–70, 372

Manchukuo 357, 372

Manchuria 3, 4
n
, 181, 186, 192, 195, 199, 207, 208, 296–7, 316, 324, 350
n
, 353, 355, 356, 357, 360, 372

Mao Zedong 373

Martin, W. A. P. 73, 74, 222–3, 301–2, 344–5

Maugham, W. Somerset 8–9

Mausoleum, Eastern 109, 110, 164, 293, 310, 314, 366

Mausoleum, Western 293, 314

Meiji, Emperor of Japan 181, 185

Miao, Lady 176–7, 179, 180, 193

Michel, Sir John 32

Ming dynasty 3–4, 121

Ministry of Commerce 330

Ministry of Finances 353

Ministry of Officials 5, 193

Ministry of Public Services 358

Ministry of Punishments 29, 244
n
, 349, 351, 359
n

Ministry of Revenue 105, 160, 161, 182, 212, 213

Ministry of Rites 52, 189, 228, 229

missionaries, Western 18, 23
n
, 56, 72, 73, 101, 118, 176, 222, 239, 301–2, 316, 335, 344, 357; mapping of China 21; Opium Wars force China to accept 24–5, 26–7; anti-Christian riot, Tianjin, 1870 and 89–90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 129; freedom of during Cixi’s rule 141, 176; German attempt to seize Qingdao and 213; Boxers and 259, 260, 262, 265, 274, 275, 294, 300; advocate ban on opium trade 331

Mongolia 7–8, 28–9, 31, 34, 71, 72, 86, 97, 99, 148, 342, 364, 365

Monkey King, The
(play) 178, 265

Montauban, General de 31, 32

Moon Festival, 1896 211

Morse, H. B. 130, 219, 331

Music Department, Chinese court’s 15, 177, 178, 334

Muslim army 266–7, 270, 273

Nakanishi Shigetaro 349

Nanjing 13, 23, 24, 26, 58, 60, 62, 94, 278, 284, 370; Treaty of, 1842 23, 24, 26

Napoleon, Emperor 209, 323

Napoleon III, Emperor 32, 77

Nepal 130

New Territory 216

New York Times
209, 235, 323, 348–9, 355, 356

Nicholas I, Tsar 77

Nicholas II, Tsar 208, 314

Nie 232

North China Herald
58, 62, 77, 241, 350

Northern Fleet 139–40, 188, 197, 206, 216

Old Summer Palace 13, 20; burning of during Second Opium War, 1860 30–4, 35, 39, 46, 72, 88, 269; Cixi rebuilds part of 104–6, 159, 160–2, 163, 164, 242; ruins of 209, 269, 292–3; Cixi regrets inability to fully restore 211–12, 278; Cixi plans to fully restore 212–13, 214; Boxers and 292–3;
Qing-yi-yuan
(the Garden of Clear Ripples) 159, 160; Kunming Lake 159, 161, 162, 211, 359; Villa of the Jade Balustrade 211, 246

opium smoking/trade 22–4, 81, 101, 108
n
, 121, 153, 197, 212, 275, 330–1

Opium Wars: First, 1839–42 6, 22–5, 26, 81; Second, 1856–60 27–35, 36, 37, 38

Palmerston, Lord 23, 23
n
, 58

Parkes, Harry 29–30

Patenôtre, Jules 138–9

Pearl, Imperial Concubine 153, 155, 188, 192–4, 204, 206, 246, 279, 310

Peking Gazette
262, 263

Peking Opera 177–9, 253, 265, 326, 334

Pekinese 32, 175–6, 314, 324

Peru 121

Pescadores 199

Pierson, Louisa 322–4, 332, 336, 354, 362

Poland 227

Port Arthur 141, 192, 197, 214–16

Porter, General Horace 323

Post Office, Chinese 123

Potala Palace, Lhasa 34

Praetorian Guard 43, 96, 115, 124, 154, 174–5, 238, 248, 272, 283

Prettier Than Golden Flower 120, 295–6

Protestant Church in China 260

Pujun, heir-apparent 254–5, 308

Puyi, Emperor 357, 357
n
, 366–7, 370, 372

Qianlong the Magnificent, Emperor 19, 20, 20
n
, 21–2, 31, 34, 62, 83, 108, 140, 160, 189, 225

Qianmen Gate 269, 309, 335

Qing dynasty: birth of 3, 4; sexual activities of 13; royal consorts in 14–15; blessed by good weather 21; missionaries effect upon 25; biggest loss of territory 38; emperors write in crimson ink 42; no precedent of dowager empresses who ran state 50; Grand Council and
see
Grand Council; Taiping Rebellion and 60; punishments 62, 131, 193; legal procedure 83, 92, 131, 241, 328; eunuchs and 92, 166, 244
n
; assassinations and 94; education of emperors 97; ages at which emperors assume power 102, mausoleums 109, 115, 293, 372; Cixi’s reign as most tolerant in history of 141; threat of Japan to 200; policy decision-making in 225; alternatives to offered 230; Temple of Heaven and 250; Republicanism and 289; Cixi prays to ancestors of 309–10; Cixi’s constitution and 339, 342; Tibet and 363, 364, 365; end of 369, 370

Qing Kuan 358

Qingdao 213–14, 215, 219, 236, 277

Qiu Jin, Miss 348

Qiying 25, 26–7

Raggi, Giuseppe Salvago 257

Red Lanterners 265–6

Reforms of 1898 221, 222–3, 224, 228, 232, 235, 240, 242, 245

Regulation for Women’s Education, 1907 326

Ren Jingfeng 334

Republicanism 289, 347–9, 369, 370, 370
n

Revolutionary Army, The
(Zou Rong) 328

Richard, Timothy 118, 239–40

Rongling 323–4, 362

Roosevelt, Alice 337

Roosevelt, Theodore 321–2, 337

Royal City, Beijing 9, 85, 109, 267, 292, 293

Royal Navy 20, 266

Russia: defence of Moscow, 1812 28; treaty with China after Second Opium War, 1860 37–8, 79–80; Burlingame in 79–80; occupation of Ili 130–3, 132
n
, 207; treaty over Chinese borders, 1881 139; Sino-Japanese War, 1894–5 and 185–6; Russo-Chinese Secret Treaty, 1896 207–8, 210, 211, 226, 227, 350
n
; attempt to take Port Arthur, 1898 214–16; Emperor Guangxu’s hatred of 226–7; Sir Yinhuan takes bribes from 236, 243
n
; reaction to Cixi’s dispatch of officials to Japan 250; Boxers and 269, 272, 353; Boxer Protocol, 1901 and 296–7; Manchuria tensions with Japanese 324; Russo-Japanese War, 1904–5 353

Salisbury, Lord 264, 269, 270
n
, 285, 288

san-gui-jiu-kou
(kneeling three times to the emperor and touching the ground with the forehead nine times) 20, 20n

Sanmen Bay 256

Satow, Sir Ernest 312

School for Aristocratic Women 326

Sea Palace, Beijing 106, 124, 125, 152, 154, 159–60, 163, 164, 176, 178, 189, 238, 245, 249, 251, 295, 358–9, 362

Second World War 358, 373

Seymour Expedition 266

Seymour, Admiral Edward 266

Shandong province 84–5, 260–1, 263, 265, 267, 274, 297

Shanghai 14, 23, 24, 27, 28, 58, 63, 84, 125, 141, 155–6, 193, 226, 230, 240, 241, 258, 259, 276, 284, 285, 288, 301, 322, 328–9, 335, 356

Shen Jiaben 329

Shen Jin 289, 349–50, 350
n
, 358

Sheng Xuanhuai 123, 210

Shi Nianzu 137

Shi-bao
334

Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 1895 197–203, 213, 233, 299

Shore, Henry Noel 67

Shun, Empror 73, 147

Shunzhi, Emperor 102

Si Gege 167

Sichuan province 370

Sikkim 139