Escape From Davao (73 page)

Malaya, Japanese attack on, 16

Malaybalay, 251

Malaybalay prison camp, 119, 122, 240

Malay Barrier, 30

Malinta Tunnel, 25, 29, 33, 36, 38, 83–84, 86, 137

Manchester, Wil iam, 371
n

Manchuria, Japanese annexation of, 8

Manduriao Field, Iloilo, 57

Manhattan Project, 331

Manila,
6,
11, 12, 20, 37,
60,
110–11, 222, 224

American civilians in, 91

Bilibid Prison in, 110, 122, 343

Japanese advance on, 23

night life in, 8–10

POW march through, 89–90, 92, 249

Manila Polo Club, 9, 89

Manila Tribune,
101

Manobo tribe, 241

Margosatubig, 265, 270

Marine Corps, U.S., 26–27, 47–48, 101, 325

1st Division, 347

4th Regiment, 11, 25, 48–49, 75, 86

Mariveles, 50, 55, 56,
60,
62, 63

Mariveles Field, Bataan, 38, 39, 40, 51, 54

Mariveles Mountains, 42, 52

Markab,
USS, 347

Marshal , George C., 11, 34, 291–92, 315–16, 322, 331, 367
n

Marshal , Paul:

background of, 137

at Cabanatuan, 138–39

on Corregidor, 136–37

at Davao, 136, 139–40, 146–48, 157–59, 161, 166, 172, 176, 179

in escape planning, 139–40, 146–48, 157–59, 161, 166, 172, 176, 179

and failed rescue of Davao POWs, 342–45

as officer in guerril a army, 247, 297, 334, 342–45

postwar career of, 345–46

Marshal , Paul, in escape from Davao:

Davao swamp to Kapungagan, 204–5, 221

and division of group at Medina, 260

first day, 186–87, 191–92

Kapungagan to Medina, 230–32

at Medina, 246, 252

Marshal Islands, U.S. invasion of, 328, 329, 330

Martin, Madge Miguela, 348

masakozi,
68

Maxwel , Don, 279–80, 288, 292, 305

May, Andrew J., 321

May, James, 2

Maywood, Il ., 325

Medina, Misamis Oriental Province,
184,
226–27, 236, 237–39, 245, 246–47, 248, 251, 256, 257, 269

Mel nick, Maxim, 84–85

Mel nick, Tekla, 84–85

Mel nik, Steve, 89, 138, 343, 349

atrocities recounted by, 315–16, 323

background of, 84–85

book deal of, 341

at Cabanatuan, 93, 97, 98, 99, 103–4, 109, 136

on Corregidor, 83–84

at Davao, 119, 133–36, 139–40, 146–50, 157, 159–62, 166, 171–74, 176, 178–79

debriefings of, 274, 277, 286

DSC awarded to, 275

on
Erie Maru,
113

in escape planning, 133–35, 139–40, 146–50, 157, 159–62, 166, 171–74, 176, 178–79

and failed rescue of Davao POWs, 342–44

gag order on, 286, 287

in MacArthur’s return to Corregidor, 346, 347

postwar career of, 346

Mel nik, Steve, in escape from Davao, 244

in Australia, 273–75, 284

Davao swamp to Kapungagan, 200–201, 203–5, 213, 225–27

first day, 185–87, 189–92

Kapungagan to Medina, 233–34

Medina to Dumanquilas Bay, 246–49, 261, 264–65, 271–72

Mel nik, Thelma, 83

“Memorare” prayer, 206

Mensching, Mrs. August, 283

Mester, Walter, 236

Meyer, August, 279

Michno, Gregory, 343

Midway, Battle of, 285–86, 333

Military Academy, U.S. (West Point), 85, 254

Military Intel igence Service, U.S., 3, 286, 310–11, 342

Mindanao,
6,
10, 12, 16, 52, 88, 109, 112, 115, 122, 150, 153,
184,
239, 250, 261

Japanese invasion of northern provinces of, 257, 260–62, 264, 266–68, 297

Mindanao Sea,
184,
260

Misamis City,
184,
242, 251, 252–56, 257, 261, 264

Misamis Occidental Province, 242, 261

Misamis Oriental Province, 237, 242

Japanese invasion of, 257, 260–62, 264

Missouri,
USS, 321

Moore, Joe, 20, 50

Morgenthau, Henry, 324, 327

Mori, Shigeji, 104, 352

Morimoto, Iichiro, 222

Moro Gulf,
184

Moro tribe, 241, 251, 267, 289

Murray, James E., 34

Murrow, Edward R., 282

Mutual radio network, 326

Mydans, Carl, 334

Naga Naga, 270

Nakayama, Motoo, 56

Nanking, 285

Narra,
256

Narwhal,
USS,
184,
296–99, 344

Nasipit,
184,
296–99

Natib, Mount, 27,
60

National War Col ege, 14

Naval Academy, U.S. (Annapolis), 23–24, 47–48, 254

Navy, U.S.:

Asiatic Fleet, 10, 16, 23

atrocity stories and, 314, 315–16, 319

and expected USAFFE rescue, 24

Japanese codes broken by, 285–86

Pacific Fleet, 33

post-Pearl Harbor crisis of confidence in, 33

Public Relations Office of, 286, 315

16th Naval District, 22, 87

submarines of, 164–65,
184,
235, 238, 242, 244, 250, 256, 271–75, 288, 296–99

NBC radio network, 326

Negrito tribe, 241

Nelson, Russel J., 169–70

Netherlands East Indies,
see
Dutch East Indies

Never Say Die
(Hawkins), 374
n

New Britain, 329

New Guinea, 109, 329, 333

New Jersey,
USS, 341

Newsweek,
310, 320, 329, 333

New York, 325

New York, N.Y., 250

New York Herald Tribune,
326

New York State War Finance Committee, 325

New York Stock Exchange, 325

New York Times,
3, 278, 291, 328, 330, 334, 341

New Zealand, 30

Neyland, Robert, 26, 204, 340, 369
n

Nicaragua, 24

Nichols Field, Luzon, 7, 9, 15–16, 20

U.S. abandonment of, 23

Nielson Field, Makati, 16

Nigeria, 33

Nimitz, Chester, 33, 327–28

Nininger, Alexander R., Jr., 31

Nishamura, Mr., 130, 142, 352

Nordin, Carl, 195–96

Normandy invasion, 328

North Africa, 30

North Dakota Agricultural Col ege, 48

Nothing but Praise
(Lee), xiii

Notre Dame, University of, 80

Nueva Ecija Province, 95

Nueva Gracia,
184

O’Donnel , Camp,
60,
73, 76–83, 93, 95, 122, 154, 320, 351

atrocities and executions at, 78, 95, 148, 274

burial details at, 78–79, 94

Czech nationals at, 380
n

death rate at, 79, 93, 94, 353

Filipino POWs at, 79, 93

overcrowding at, 77

starvation and disease at, 77–78, 79–80

Tsuneyoshi’s “welcome” speech at, 76–77, 94

Office of Censorship, 281, 309, 311, 314

Office of War Information (OWI), 281–82, 309–11, 314, 315–16, 324

Newspaper Advisory Committee of, 301

Oklahoma,
USS, 47

Olds, Robin, 302–3

Olongapo, 55

Olson, Kenneth, 196

O’Neil, Chuck, 187

“Operation Chicken,” 147–48, 161

Orani,
60,
71

Orejodos, Maximina, 195

Orion,
60,
71

Oroquieta, 253

Orr, Carey, 331

Oryoku Maru,
187, 352

Oura, Hiroshi, 130

Owen, J. A., 307

Ozamis, Casa (house), 253, 256, 261

P-38 fighter, 302–5

P-40 pursuit aircraft, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 39, 49–50, 114, 220

Pacific war:

Al ied offensive in, 328, 329

impact of atrocity stories in, 329–31, 333–34

Japanese offensive in, 16, 30

as most barbaric modern conflict, 329–30

Paddle,
USS, 343–44

Pagadian Bay, 261, 264

Pagadian City, 264, 265

Palawan, 123

Panay, 113–14, 239

Pandacan, 23

Panquil Bay,
184

Parsons, Charles “Chick,” 90–91, 261, 273–74

DSC awarded to, 350

escapees and, 249–54, 258, 260, 264–72

espionage activities of, 91–92, 247, 249–51, 254

Kempeitai interrogation of, 92

postwar career of, 350

in trek to Dumanquilas Bay, 264–72

Parsons, Katrushka “Katsy,” 91

Peace Now, 310, 329

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 14

Japanese attack on, 15, 16, 20, 30, 33, 366
n

Peleaz, Gregorio, 243

pel agra, 96

Pensacola
convoy, 371
n

Perth, Australia, 273

Philippine Army reserves, 10

Philippine Bureau of Prisons, 353

Philippine Insurrection, 122, 241

Philippines,
6,
282

Al ied abandonment of, 32–33, 122

as “American Thermopylae,” 31

government bureaucracy in, 28

Philippine Scouts, xiii, 10, 35, 160, 239

Philippine Sea,
USS, 341

Phil ips, Thomas, 12

Pilar,
60

PLUM, 14

Points, Battle of the, 35, 43

Poland, German invasion of, 32

Port Clinton (Ohio) Bataan Club, 327

Portland Oregonian,
310

Posten, John, 40

Presbyterianism, 13, 98

President Coolidge,
8, 14, 19

President Madison,
49

press:

First Amendment and, 301, 333

and publication of atrocity stories, 319–20, 322, 331–33

and suppression of atrocity stories, 279–81, 285–86, 287–88, 291, 292, 300–301, 307, 309

Price, Byron, 281, 282, 309, 311–15

Prince of Wales,
HMS, 23

Prisoner of War Bureau, Japanese, 222

prisoners of war, Al ied, 149–50, 154, 283, 314

death rates of, 335

humanitarian aid for, 283, 300, 312–313, 324

on Japanese hel ships, 112, 322

as slave laborers, 330, 335

prisoners of war, American:

atrocities and violence against, 69, 73, 78, 91–92, 95, 102, 107–8, 148, 150, 153–54, 158, 180–81, 196, 217, 223, 244, 254, 274, 278, 285, 287, 330;
see also
atrocity stories beheadings of, 61–62, 64, 69, 70, 78, 108, 186, 291, 330

consequences of atrocity stories on treatment of, 334–36

death rates of, 73, 79, 93, 94, 97, 109, 244–45, 287, 292, 335

disease among, 64, 65, 77–78, 79–80, 93–94, 96–97, 144, 164, 244–45

escape attempts of, 389
n

“every man for himself” attitude among, 66–67

food as obsession of, 96, 131, 165, 219

ful food rations ordered for, 335

inadequacy of Japanese planning for, 69

on Japanese hel ships, xiii, 111–12, 187, 322, 343–44, 349, 352, 353

Japanese looting of, 62–63, 75

as laborers, 123–24

postcards from, 144–45

starvation among, 65, 72, 77–78, 79–80, 96, 131, 223, 244–45, 274

submissiveness as survival tactic for, 66

sun treatment for, 1, 64, 76, 116

see also
Bataan Death March;
specific POW camps

PT-boats, 241

Pueblo, Colo., 137, 346

Quezon, Manuel, 9, 32, 38, 136, 287, 343

quinine tablets, 174–76, 237, 272

Quizon, Victoriano, 163

Rabaul, 329

radio communication, 226, 227, 234, 236, 238, 242, 243–44, 253, 254, 257, 270

Radio Tokyo, 43

railway, Anibogan-Lungaog, 160, 192, 205, 209–11

Rainbow 5, 11

Randal , Russel , 306

Randolph Field, San Antonio, 13, 18

Reader’s Digest,
316

Red Cross packages, 143–44, 145

Red Net, 38

Republic Pictures, 341

Repulse,
HMS, 23

Reyes, Norman, 57–58

rice rash
(Schistosoma japonicum)
, 126–27, 131

Richardson, Iliff, 260, 261

Rivera, Teofilo, 225, 230, 232

Roberts, Roy, 301, 311

Robin, Pascual, 140

Romulo, Carlos, 51, 52, 57–58, 308–9, 333

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 328

Executive Order 9066 of, 31

Executive Order 9182 of, 281

MacArthur ordered to leave Corregidor by, 53

no-surrender orders issued by, 55

Philippines and, 8–9, 11, 74

and promised reinforcements of USAFFE, 32–33, 34, 38, 321, 371
n
and suppression of atrocity stories, 280, 283, 284, 309–10, 311, 315, 316, 323, 327, 400
n
Rosalia,
260, 261–62

Rosenquist, Harold, 342–44

Rounds, Gerald R., 303

Roxton, Tex., 47

rules of engagement, 330

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 14

Sakai, Saburo, 19–20, 339

Sampao,
184,
219

San Fernando,
60,
68, 71–72

San Francisco, Calif., 299–300

Santos, Paulino, 122–23

Santo Tomas University, 91

Saranac Lake, N. Y., 287

Saturday Evening Post,
xiii, 298, 299, 316

Sayog, 270

Schistosoma japonicum
(rice rash), 126–27, 131

Schuetz, Mrs. Oscar, 303

scurvy, 96

senakulo,
67

Senate, U.S., Military Affairs subcommittee of, 323

Seoul, 348

SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape) training, 346

Severn,
USS, 347

Shanghai, 11, 48, 75, 96, 250, 322

Shelbyvil e, Tenn., 26, 341

Shinyo Maru,
343–45

Shiraji, Sumio, 131

Shofner, Austin “Shifty,” 197, 369
n

background of, 26–27

at Cabanatuan, 97, 98, 99, 100, 108, 110

on Corregidor, 24–26, 48–49, 86, 88–89

at Davao, 127, 151–52, 154–56, 159–60, 163–67, 168, 171–78, 181

DSC awarded to, 299–300

on
Erie Maru,
112–15

in escape planning, 114–15, 151–52, 154–55, 156, 159, 161–64, 166–67, 171–78, 181

in march to Davao, 117–18

at Okinawa, 347

at Peleliu, 341

postwar career of, 341

in reunion with Neyland, 340

in San Francisco, 299–300

Shofner, Austin “Shifty,” in escape from Davao: