Europe: A History (238 page)

48.
Ibid. 113, esp. n. 46.

49.
‘Testament of Ivan III’, in Howes,
Testaments
. See also G. Vernadsky,
Russia at the Dawn of the Modern Age
(vol. iv of G. Vernadsky and M. Karpovich,
History of Russia)
, (New Haven, Conn., 1959), ch. 3.

50.
Fennell,
Ivan the Great
, 146.

51.
Strémooukhoff, ‘Moscow the Third Rome’, 115.

52.
Ibid.
passim
.

53.
Dimitri Obolensky, ‘Russia’s Byzantine Heritage’,
Oxford Slavonic Papers
, i (1950), 37–63.

54.
Fennell,
Ivan the Great
.

55.
Vernadsky,
Russia at the Dawn of the Modern Age
, ch. 3.

56.
Fennell,
Ivan the Great
, preface, pp. v ff.

57.
Dimitri Obolensky, ‘Italy, Mount Athos and Muscovy: The Three Worlds of Maximos the Greek’ (Raleigh Lecture, 1981),
Proceedings of the British Academy
, lvii (1981); repr. in
Six Byzantine Portraits
(Oxford, 1988), 201–19.

58.
Ibid. 160.

59.
Élie Dennisoff,
Maxime le Grec et l’Occident
(Paris, 1942), 423.

CHAPTER VII

1.
See Keith Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England
(London, 1971).

2.
Herbert Weisinger, ‘The Attack on the Renaissance in Theology Today’,
Studies in the Renaissance
, 2 (1955), 176–89.

3.
See Jacob Burckhardt,
The Culture of the Renaissance in Italy
(London, 1878).

4.
Bert S. Hall (ed.),
On Pre-modern Technology and Science
(Los Angeles, 1976).

5.
Walter Pater,
The Renaissance
(1873; repr. New York, 1959), 72.

6.
Johan Huizinga,
Erasmus of Rotterdam: with a selection from his letters
(London, 1952).

7.
Erasmus, Preface to New Testament (1516).
Prefaces to the Fathers, the New Testament, and On Study
, facsimile edn. (Menton, 1970); H. P. Smith,
Erasmus: A Study of His Life
and Place in History
(New York, 1923).

8.
Erasmus,
In Praise of Folly
, trans. and ed. Betty Radice, in
Collected Works
(Toronto, 1974– ),xxvii. 2,120 ff.

9.
Ibid. 148.

10.
Adagia
, ibid. 31–4; see also Erasmus,
Proverbs or Adages … Englished by R. Taverner
, facsimile edn. (Gainsville, Fla., 1956).

11.
Étienne Gilson (1937), Reinhold Niebuhr (1941), and Nicholas Berdyaev (1931), quoted by Weisinger, ‘The Attack on the Renaissance’, 176 ff. See also W. K. Ferguson,
The
Renaissance in Historical Thought
(Boston, 1948).

12.
Michelangelo Buonarroti, in G. Kay (ed.),
The Penguin Book of Italian Verse
(London, 1958), 172–3.

13.
Leopold von Ranke,
The History of the Popes, their Church and State, and especially of
their conflicts with Protestantism
(1834–6), trans. E. Foster (London, 1847), i. 38.

14.
Charles Drelincourt, d. 1669; quoted by Albert-Marie Schmidt,
Jean Calvin et la tradition calvinienne
(Paris, 1957), 169.

15.
In 1622, by Pope Gregory XV; quoted by John Padberg, ‘The Jesuit Question’,
Tablet
, 22 Sept. 1990.

16.
Quoted by Fisher,
A History of Europe
, 557.

17.
Ranke,
History of the Popes
, i. 266.

18.
Herbert Butterfield, in
The Origins of Modern Science, 1300–1800
(London, 1947).

19.
Ibid. It is curious that the historian who in
The Whig Interpretation of History
(1931) so brilliantly exposed the teleological tendencies of political historiography should have argued for ‘the strategic line in the development of science’.

20.
P. M. Harman,
The Scientific Revolution
(Lancaster, 1983), 17.

21.
Quoted by A. W. Crosby, Jr.,
The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural
Consequences of 1492
(Westport, Conn., 1972), 11.

22.
Ibid.

23.
See ibid.; also Kirkpatrick Sale,
The Conquest of Paradise
(New York, 1991).

24.
See J. Larner, ‘The Certainty of Columbus’,
History, 73/237
(1988), 3–23, for a summary of the changing historiography; also Garry Wills, ‘Man of the Year’,
New York Review of Books
, 22 Nov. 1991.

25.
‘Where Did Columbus Discover America?’,
National Geographic Magazine
, 170/5 (Nov. 1986), 566A with maps.

26.
Yen Chung-ping, in
Historical Research
(Beijing) (1977), quoted by Larner, ‘The Certainty of Columbus’; also Simon Wiesenthal,
Sails of Hope
(New York, 1973).

27.
J. Manzano,
Colon y su segreto: el Predescubrimiento
(Madrid, 1982).

28.
David Henige,
In Search of Columbus: The Sources for the first Voyage
(Tucson, Ariz., 1991).

29.
See J. A. Levensen (ed.),
Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
(Catalogue to an Exhibition at the National Gallery, Washington DC) (New Haven, Conn., 1992).

30.
Jacques Attali, 1492 (Paris, 1991), pt. i: ‘Inventer l’Europe’, 15 ff.

31.
See Eugenio Garin (ed.),
Renaissance Characters
(Chicago, 1991).

32.
Martin Goncalvez de Cellerigo,
Memorial de la politica necessaria
(1600); quoted by H. Kamen,
The Iron Century: Social Change in Europe, 1550–1660
(London, 1976), 79.

33.
See J. H. Hexter, ‘Storm over the Gentry’, in
Reappraisals in History
(Chicago, 1979), 117–62.

34.
Kamen,
The Iron Century
, 89–135.

35.
With special thanks to Dr Robert Frost. See M. Roberts, ‘The Military Revolution, 1550–1660’ in M. Roberts (ed.),
Essays in Swedish History
(London, 1967), 195–225; also G. Parker, ‘The Military Revolution: A Myth?’, in
Spain and the Netherlands, 1559–1659: Ten Studies
(London, 1989).

36.
See J. H. Shennan,
Government and Society in France, 1461–1660
(London, 1968).

37.
Hobbes,
Leviathan
(1651), ed. J. Plamenatz (London, 1962), 143.

38.
Thomas Mun,
Englands Treasure by Foreign Trade
(1622); quoted by Charles Wilson,
Mercantilism
(London, 1958), 11–12.

39.
An expression of H. Wiesflecker,
Maximilian I: die Fundamente des habsburgischen Weltreiches
(Vienna, 1991).

40.
Otto von Habsburg,
Charles V
(Paris, 1967; London, 1970), p. xii.

41.
See R. J. W. Evans,
The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation
(Oxford, 1979); also his ‘The Imperial Vision’, in G. Parker (ed.),
The Thirty Years War
(New York, 1987), 83 ff.; and ‘Culture and Anarchy in the Empire, 1540–1680’,
Central European History
, 18 (1985), 14–30.

42.
R. J. W. Evans,
Rudolf II and His World: A Study in Intellectual History
(Oxford, 1973); also Robert Grudin, ‘Rudolf II of Prague and Cornelius Drebbel: Shakespearean archetypes?’
Huntingdon Library Quarterly
, 54/3 (1991), 181–205.

43.
J. H. Elliot,
Imperial Spain, 1469–1716
(London, 1963), 13.

44.
Ibid. 14.

45.
Ibid. 249.

46.
J. Ortega y Gasset, quoted by Elliot,
Imperial Spain
, 249.

47.
Geoffrey Parker,
The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659
(Cambridge, 1972).

48.
Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict, 1500–2000
(New York, 1988), 61.

49.
Quoted by J. Huizinga, ‘The Spirit of the Netherlands’, in P. Geyl (ed.),
Dutch Civilisation in the Seventeenth Century and other essays
(London, 1968), 101.

50.
See Charles Wilson,
The Dutch Republic and the Civilisation of the Seventeenth Century
(London, 1968).

51.
S. R. Gardiner,
History of the Great Civil War, 1642–49
(London, 1886–9), i. 168.

52.
Conrad Russell, ‘The Slumbering Hatreds of the English’,
Independent
, 18 Aug. 1992. See his
The Causes of the English Civil War
(London, 1990).

53.
Sigismund Herberstein (1581), quoted by R. Pipes,
Russia under the Old Regime
, 85.

54.
C. Veronica Wedgwood,
The Thirty Years War
(London, 1957), 460.

55.
C. R. Friedrichs, ‘The War and German Society’, in Parker (ed.),
The Thirty Years War
, 208–15.

56.
Wedgwood,
The Thirty Years War
, 440.
Rome,
AD
1667

57.
Timothy Kitao,
Circle and Oval in the Square of St Peter’s: Bernini’s Art of Planning
(New York, 1974), ‘The Last Revision’, 49–52; also figs. 67–74.

58.
See Torgil Magnuson,
Rome in the Age of Bernini
(Stockholm, 1982).

59.
Ibid. i. 360.

60.
See Oreste Ferrari,
Bernini
(Florence, 1991).

61.
Filippo Baldinucci,
Vita del Cavaliere Gio. Lorenzo Bernino
(Florence, 1682), trans. C. Enggass as
The Life of Bernini
(University Park, Penn., 1966), 80, 74; the source for all quotes and anecdotes below relating to Bernini’s life.

62.
John Milton,
Paradise Lost
, Bk. 1,ll. 1–6, in
The Poetical Works of John Milton
(Oxford, 1952), 1. 5.

CHAPTER VIII

1.
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
, quoted by J. Lively,
The Enlightenment
(London, 1966), p. ii.

2.
Alexander Pope,
An Essay on Criticism
, ii. 162–5;
An Essay on Man
, 1. x. 9–14;
The
Poetical Works
, ed. H. F. Cary (London, n.d.), 53, 224.

3.
See Wyn Griffith, ‘The Growth of Radicalism’, in
The Welsh
(London, 1950), 20–43.

4.
Essay on Man
, ii. 1;
Poetical Works
, 225.

5.
Dryden,
Absalom and Achitophel
(1681), i. 45–8.

6.
Quoted by Bronowski,
The Ascent of Man
, 226.

7.
Ibid. 236.

8.
‘Voltaire’s Deism’, in Lively,
The Enlightenment
, 43–5.

9.
L’Esprit des Lois
, x
I
. vi.

10.
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, ‘Discours aux Sorbonniques’, in
Œuvres de Turgot
, ed. G. Schelle (Paris, 1913), i. 205, 215–16. See also D. Dakin,
Turgot and the Ancien Regime in France
(New York, 1972).

11.
Voltaire, ‘Stances à Mme Lullin, de Genève’ (1773), in
Contes en vers et poésies diverses
(Paris, 1936), 163–4.

12.
Voltaire’s ‘Declaration’ of 1778, text in app. 497,
Complete Works
(Oxford, 1987– ), quoted by R. Pomeau (ed.),
Voltaire en son temps
(Oxford, 1994), v, ‘La Fin’.

13.
On Rousseau’s loathing for Voltaire, see his letter of 17 June 1760, in Voltaire’s
Correspondence and Related Documents
(Oxford, 1968–77), cv, no. D8986.

14.
Quoted by James Bowen,
A History of Western Education
(London, 1981), iii. 182.

15.
See Norman Davies, ‘The Cultural Imperative’, in
Heart of Europe
, 262–8; Daniel Beauvois,
Lumières et société en Europe de l’est: l’université de Vilna et les écoles polonaises de l’empire russe
(Paris, 1977); and his
Szkolnictwo polskie na ziemiach litewskoruskich
, 1803–32 (Lublin, 1991); on the Romantic generation, see C. Miłosz,
History of Polish Literature
(2nd edn., Berkeley, 1969), chapter vii, ‘Romanticism’, 195–280.

16.
Isaiah Berlin,
Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas
(London, 1976), p. xxvi.

17.
Berlin, in
The Magus of the North:
J. G.
Hamann and the Origins of Modern Irrationalism
(London, 1993); quoted by M. Rosen, ‘The first Romantic?’,
TLS
, 8 Oct. 1993.

18.
Bertrand Russell,
History of Western Philosophy
(London, 1946), 702.

19.
Simon Schama,
Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)
(London, 1991).

20.
Quoted by H. Méthivier,
Le Siècle de Louis XIV
(Paris, 1950), 63.

21.
R. Hubret, quoted by Méthivier,
Louis XIV
, 112.

22.
Compare R. Briggs op. cit. p. 220 with Méthivier,
Louis XIV
, 95.

23.
From ‘The Vicar of Bray’ (early 18th cent.), in Ernest Newton,
The Community Song Book
(London, 1927), 24–5. The song is usually said to be inspired by the career of Revd Simon Symonds, who kept his position from Cromwell’s time to that of George I.

24.
See Jonathan Israel (ed.),
The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution
and Its World Impact
(Cambridge, 1991).

25.
Neal Ascherson, ‘The Spectre of Popular Sovereignty Looms over Greater England’,
Independent on Sunday
, 18 Nov. 1990.

26.
See Linda Colley,
Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837
(New Haven, Conn., 1992); also Colin Kidd,
Subverting Scotland’s Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Identity, 1689–c.1830
(Cambridge, 1993).