Europe: A History (262 page)
Bulgaria, Medieval and Modern
German Emperors and Kings of France
| Carolingian Dynasty | |
| d741 | Charles Martel, Duke of the Franks |
| 741–54 | Carloman, Mayor of Austrasia |
| 741–68 | Pepin III, Mayor of Neustria 752 King Pepin | of the Franks |
| 768–814 | Charles | the Great (Charlemagne * ) |
| 814–40 | Louis | the Debonair of Aquitaine* |
| 840–55 | Lothair, King of Italy* |
| 855–75 | Lewis II, King of Italy* |
| 855–76 | Lewis the German of Bavaria, King of Germany |
| 876–82 | Lewis the Saxon |
| 875–7 | Charles II le Chauve, King of Neustria* |
| 877–9 | Louis II, King of France |
| 879–82 | Louis III, King of France |
| 882–4 | Carloman, King of France |
| 882–5 | Charles the Fat* |
| 891–4 | Wido of Spoleto* |
| 893–928 | Charles III the Simple, King of France |
| 887–99 | Arnuif, King of Germany* |
| 896–9 | Lambert of Spoleto* |
| 901–5 | Lewis, King of Provence* |
| KINGDOM OF FRANCE | |
| Saxon Dynasty | |
| 918–36 | Henry I, the Fowler, King of Germany |
| 928–54 | Louis IV d’Outremer, King of France |
| 954–85 | Lothair, King of France |
| 986–7 | Louis V, le Faineant, King of France |
| Capetian Dynasty | |
| 987–96 | Hugues Capet |
| 996–1031 | Robert le Pieux |
| 1031–60 | Henri | |
| 1060–1108 | Philippe | |
| 1108–37 | Louis VI le Gros |
| 1137–80 | Louis VII |
| 1180–1223 | Philippe-Auguste |
| 1223–6 | Louis VIII |
| 1226–70 | Louis IX, St. |
| HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE | |
| 936(62)–73 | Otto I,* The Great |
| 973–83 | Otto II* |
| 983–1002 | Otto III* |
| 1002–24 | Henry II* |
| Salian or Franconian Dynasty | |
| 1024–39 | Conrad II* |
| 1039–56 | Henry III* |
| 1056–1106 | Henry IV* |
| 1106–25 | Henry V* |
| 1125–37 | Lothair II* of Saxony |
| Hohenstauffen Dynasty | |
| 1138–52 | Conrad III |
| 1152–90 | Frederick | Barbarossa* |
| [1177–80 | Rudolf of Swabia] |
| [1081–8 | Hermann of Luxemburg] |
| 1190–7 | Henry VI* |
| 1198–1218 | Otto IV* of Brunswick (Guelph) |
| [1198–1208 | Philip of Hohenstaufen] |
| 1211–50 | Frederick II* |
| [1246–50 | Henry Raspe of Thuringia] |
| [1247–56 | William of Holland] |
| KINGDOM OF FRANCE | |
| 1270–85 | Philippe III le Hardi |
| 1285–1314 | Philippe IV le Bel |
| 1314–16 | Louis X |
| 1316–22 | Philippe V |
| Valois Dynasty | |
| 1322–8 | Charles IV |
| 1328–50 | Philippe VI |
| 1350–64 | Jean Le Bon |
| 1364–80 | Charles V le Sage |
| 1380–1422 | Charles VI le Simple |
| 1422–61 | Charles VII le Bien Aimé |
| 1461–83 | Louis XI |
| 1483–98 | Charles VIII |
| 1498–1515 | Louis XII |
| 1515–47 | Francis I |
| 1547–59 | Henri II |
| 1559–60 | Francis II |
| 1560–74 | Charles IX |
| 1574–89 | Henri III |
| Bourbon Dynasty | |
| 1589–1610 | Henri IV |
| 1610–43 | Louis XIII |
| 1643–1715 | Louis XIV |
| 1715–74 | Louis XV |
| 1774–93 | Louis XVI |
| 1793–5 | Louis XVII |
| Napoleonic Empire | |
| 1804–15 | Napoleon I* |
| Bourbon Restoration | |
| 1814–24 | Louis XVIII |
| 1824–30 | Charles X |
| 1830–48 | Louis-Philippe |
| Napoleonic Restoration | |
| 1852–70 | Napoleon III* |
| HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE | |
| 1250–4 | Conrad I |
| [1257–72 | Richard of Cornwall] |
| [1257–75 | Alfonso X of Castile] |
| 1273–91 | Rudolf I of Habsburg |
| 1292–8 | Adolph of Nassau |
| 1298–1308 | Albert I of Habsburg |
| 1308–13 | Henry VII* of Luxemburg |
| 1314–47 | Lewis IV* of Wittelsbach = Matilda of Habsburg |
| [1314–30 | Frederick the Fair of Habsburg] |
| 1346–78 | Charles IV* of Luxemburg |
| [1349 | Gunther of Schwartzburg] |
| 1378–1400 | Wenceslas of Luxemburg |
| 1400–10 | Rupert of the Palatinate |
| 1410–37 | Sigismund* of Luxemburg |
| [1410–11 | Jobst of Moravia] |
| Habsburg Dynasty | |
| 1438–9 | Albert |
| 1440–93 | Frederick III |
| 1493–1519 | Maximilian I* |
| 1519–56 | Charles V* |
| 1556–64 | Ferdinand I* |
| 1564–76 | Maximilian II* |
| 1576–1612 | Rudolf II* |
| 1612–37 | Ferdinand II* |
| 1637–57 | Ferdinand III* |
| 1658–1705 | Leopold I* |
| 1705–11 | Joseph I* |
| 1711–40 | Charles VI* |
| 1742–5 | Charles VII* of Bavaria |
| 1745–65 | Francis I* of Lorraine = Maria Theresa, Habsburg |
| 1765–90 | Joseph II* |
| 1790–2 | Leopold II* |
| 1792–1806 | Francis II* (Francis I) |
| Habsburg Emperors of Austria | |
| 1804–35 | Francis I* |
| 1835–48 | Ferdinand I* |
| 1848–1916 | Francis-Joseph I* |
| 1916–18 | Charles I* |
| Hohenzollern Emperors of Germany | |
| 1871–88 | William I* of Prussia |
| 1888 | Frederick III* |
| 1888–1918 | William II* |
European University Foundations, 1089–1912
| Bologna | 1088 |
| Paris | c .1150 |
| Oxford | 1167 |
| Salerno * | 1173 |
| Palenzia | c .1178 |
| Reggio | 1188 |
| Vicenza | 1204 |
| Cambridge* | 1209 |
| Salamanca | 1218–19 |
| Padua | 1222 |
| Naples | 1224 |
| Vercelli | 1228 |
| Toulouse | 1229 |
| Piacenza | 1248 |
| Valladolid | c .1237 |
| Seville | 1254 |
| Arezzo* | 1255 |
| Montpellier* | 1289 |
| Lisbon | 1290 |
| Macerata | 13th cent. |
| Lerida | 1300 |
| Rome | 1303 |
| Avignon | 1303 |
| Orléans | 1306 |
| Perugia | 1308 |
| Coimbra | 1308 |
| Treviso | 1318 |
| Cahors | 1332 |
| Angers | 1337 |
| Grenoble | 1339(1542) |
| Pisa | 1343 |
| Prague | 1347 |
| Perpignan | 1350 |
| Huesca | 1354 |
| Sienna* | 1357 |
| Pavia | 1361 |
| Kraków | 1364(1400) |
| Vienna | 1365 |
| Orange | 1365 |
| Pecs (Fünfkirchen) | 1367 |
| Erfurt | 1379 |
| Heidelberg | 1385 |
| Cologne | 1388 |
| Buda (Ofen) | 1389 |
| Ferrara | 1391 |
| Barcelona | 1401 (1450) |
| Wurzburg | 1402 |
| Turin | 1404 |
| Aix-en-Provence | 1409 |
| Leipzig | 1409 |
| St Andrews | 1411 |
| Rostock | 1419 |
| Dole | 1422 |
| Louvain | 1425 |
| Poitiers | 1431 |
| Caen | 1432 |
| Bordeaux | 1441 |
| Catania | 1434–44 |
| Barcelona | 1450 |
| Glasgow | 1451 |
| Valence | 1452 |
| Greifswald | 1456 |
| Freiburg | 1457 |
| Basel | 1459 |
| Ingolstadt | 1459(1472) |
| Nantes | 1460 |
| Bourges | 1463 |
| Bratislava (Pressburg) | 1465 |
| Genoa* | 1471 |
| Trier | 1452(1473) |
| Saragossa | 1474 |
| Mainz | 1476 |
| Tubingen | 1476 |
| Uppsala | 1477 |
| Copenhagen | 1475(1479) |
| Palma | 1483 |
| Aberdeen | 1495 |
| Frankfurt/Oder | 1498 |
| Alcala | 1499 |
| Valencia | 1500 |
| Wittenberg | 1502 |
| Avila | 1504 |
| Marburg | 1527 |
| Granada | 1531 |
| Kõnigsberg | 1544 |
| Jena | 1558 |
| Geneva | 1559(1876) |
| Olomouc | 1570 |
| Leiden | 1572 |
| Oviedo | 1574(1608) |
| Helmstedt | 1575 |
| Vilnius | 1578 |
| Altdorf* | 1578 |
| Edinburgh | 1582 |
| Graz | 1586 |
| Dublin | 1592 |
| Cagliari | 1596 |
| Harderwijk | 1600 |
| Giessen | 1607 |
| Groningen | 1614 |
| Rinteln | 1621 |
| Strasbourg* | 1621 |
| Salzburg | 1623 |
| Dorpat | 1632 |
| Utrecht | 1634 |
| Sassari | 1634 |
| Pest (Tymau) Nagyszembat | 1635 |
| Abo (Helsinki) | 1640 |
| Bamberg | 1648 |
| Durham | 1657(1837) |
| Kiel | 1665 |
| Lund | 1666 |
| Innsbruck | 1672 |
| Modena* | 1683 |
| Besançon | 1691 |
| Halle | 1693 |
| Breslau | 1702 |
| Dijon | 1722 |
| Camerino | 1727 |
| Göttingen | 1733 |
| Erlangen | 1743 |
| Moscow | 1755 |
| Ljubljana | 1774 |
| Zagreb* | 1776 |
| Palermo* | 1779 |
| Lemberg (Lwów) | 1784 |
| Kharkov | 1804 |
| Kazan | 1804 |
| Lille | 1808 |
| Lyons | 1808 |
| Rennes | 1808 |
| Berlin | 1810 |
| Christiania (Oslo) | 1811 |
| Genoa* | 1812 |
| Ghent | 1815 |
| Liège* | 1815 |
| Warsaw | 1816 |
| Bonn | 1818 |
| St Petersburg | 1819 |
| Madrid | 1822 |
| London | 1826 |
| Munich* | 1826 |
| Zurich* | 1832 |
| Durham | 1832 |
| Bern* | 1834 |
| Brussels* | 1834 |
| Kiev | 1834 |
| Athens | 1837 |
| Messina | 1838 |
| Munster* | 1843 |
| Queen’s Belfast | 1850 |
| Marseille | 1854 |
| lasi | 1860 |
| Bucharest | 1864 |
| Odessa | 1865 |
| Cluj | 1872 |
| Czernowitz | 1875 |
| Amsterdam | 1877 |
| Stockholm | 1877 |
| Manchester | 1880 |
| Birmingham | 1880 |
| Fribourg | 1889 |
| Lausanne* | 1891 |
| Wales* | 1893 |
| Constantinople | 1900 |
| Leeds* | 1904 |
| Liverpool* | 1904 |
| Sofia* | 1904 |
| Belgrade* | 1905 |
| Bristol | 1909 |
| Debrecen* | 1912 |
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