Europe: A History (261 page)

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Authors: Norman Davies

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i
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(2) The Origins of Standard Mathematical Notation: A Selection
. (After Cajori.)

Sign
 
Date
Probable first use
latus, square root

Roman
1/2
fractional line
1202
Leonardo da Pisa,
Liber abbaci
%
per cent
1425
Italian commercial usage
+
(et) plus
1489
J. Widman,
Behennde und hubsche Rechnung auf

minus
1489
alien Kaufmanschaften
plus
1494
Luca Pacioli,
Summa de arithmetica
(Venice)
minus
1494
 
M
multiplicatio
1544
M. Stifel,
Arithmetica integra
(Germany)
D
divisio
 
=
equality
1557
R. Recorde,
Ground of Artes
(Oxford)

decimal fraction
1585
Simon Stevin,
La thiende
(Antwerp)
±
plus/minus
1626
J. Girard (France)
×
multiplication
1631
W. Oughtred,
Clavis mathematica
(London)
proportion
1631
 
difference
1631
 
>
greater than
1631
T. Harriot,
Artis analyticae praxis
(London)
less than
1631
 
X
2
powers
1634
P. Herigone,
Cursus mathematicus
(Paris)

infinity
1655
J. Wallis,
De sectionibus conicis
(Oxford)
similar
1655
 
÷
division
1659
J. H. Rahn,
Teutsche Algebra
(Nuremberg)
therefore
1659
 
:
ratio
1669
V. Wing,
Astronomica britannica
(London)
square root
1669
 
π
pi
1706
W. Jones,
Synopsis palmariorum matheseos
( )
aggregation
1726
J. Herman,
Commentarii
, i (St Petersburg)
e
logarithm base
1736
L Euler,
Mechanica
, i
E
Euler’s Number
1736
 
C
Euler’s Constant
1736
L Euler,
Commentarii
(SI Petersburg)

summa, number theory
1750
L Euler,
De numeris amicalibus
Σ
summation
1755
L Euler,
Institutiones calculi differentialis

congruence
1801
F. Gauss,
Disquisitiones arithmeticae
since, because
1805
Gentleman’s Mathematical Companion

The Growth of the Royal Domain in France, to 1547

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