Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution (53 page)

22.
W. A. Miles to H. J. Pye, 1 March 1791; quoted in Thompson (1989), p. 143.

23.
Belloc (1910), p. 191.

24.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 4, p. 92.

25.
Shuckburch (1989), p. 61.

26.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 3a, p. 139.

27.
Ibid., vol. 4, p. 34.

28.
Ibid., vol. 8, p. 315.

29.
Ibid., vol. 8, p. 90.

30.
Ibid., vol. 8, pp. 59–60.

31.
Ibid., p. 233.

32.
Ibid., pp. 233–34.

33.
Ibid., p. 241.

34.
Hardman (1999), p. 34.

35.
Thompson (1939), p. 184.

36.
Ibid., p. 183.

37.
Ibid.

38.
Madame Élisabeth (1868), p. 416.

39.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 3a, p. 147.

40.
Danton (1910), pp. 28–32.

41.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 8, p. 313.

42.
Aulard (1889–97), vol. 3, p. 576.

43.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 4, p. 2.

44.
Ibid., p. 9.

45.
Ibid., p. 33.

46.
Danton (1910), p. 28.

47.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 3a, p. 160.

48.
Ibid., vol. 8, p. 163.

49.
Ibid., vol. 4, p. 52.

50.
Shuckburch (1989), p. 62.

51.
Doyle (1990), p. 185.

52.
Thompson (1989), p. 57.

53.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 8, p. 383.

54.
Croker (1857), p. 185.

55.
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 45, pp. 411–12.

56.
Croker (1857), p. 199.

57.
Madame Élisabeth (1868), pp. 416–21.

58.
Thompson (1989), p. 57.

59.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 4, p. 225.

60.
Ibid., p. 232.

61.
Ibid., p. 259.

62.
Ibid., vol. 3a, p. 150.

63.
Ibid., p. 151.

64.
Aulard (1889–97), vol. 4, p. 160. Brunswick’s manifesto was dated 25 July 1792, known in Paris on 28 July, and published in
Le moniteur
on 3 August.

65.
Thompson (1989), p. 118.

66.
Rœderer (1853–59), vol. 3, p. 221.

67.
Desmoulins (1995), p. 94.

68.
Rœderer (1853–59), vol. 3, p. 226.

69.
Doyle (1990), p. 189.

70.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 4, p. 352.

8: The King’s Trial

1.
Mathiez (1921), p. 83.

2.
Thompson (1939), p. 274.

3.
Croker (1857), p. 246.

4.
Blanc (1847–69), vol. 7, p. 192.

5.
Croker (1857), p. 535.

6.
Danton (1910), p. 52.

7.
Belloc (1910), p. 225.

8.
Doyle (1990), p. 193.

9.
Croker (1857), p. 343.

10.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 8, pp. 460–61.

11.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 3a, p. 152; Thompson (1939), pp. 263–64.

12.
Croker (1857), p. 348.

13.
Ferrières (1932), p. 43.

14.
Of the 749 deputies elected to the National Convention, only 83 had sat in the National Assembly, compared with 200 who had sat in the Legislative Assembly. This time there was no self-denying ordinance precluding members of the earlier assemblies from standing for election to the National Convention. See Doyle (1990), p. 193.

15.
Price (2003), pp. 315–16.

16.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 5, p. 17.

17.
Rousseau (1962), vol. 2, p. 51.

18.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 5, p. 19.

19.
Ibid., vol. 9, p. 20.

20.
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 52, p. 158.

21.
Thompson (1989), p. 171.

22.
L’ami du peuple,
vol. 7, p. 3965.

23.
Ibid., vol. 8, p. 4756.

24.
Ibid., p. 4757.

25.
Ibid., p. 4790.

26.
Asprey (2000), p. 61.

27.
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 53, p. 49.

28.
Ibid., p. 53.

29.
Croker (1857), p. 358.

30.
Chronique de Paris
, 9 November 1792.

31.
Walter (1946), p. 634.

32.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, pp. 80–81.

33.
Ibid., p. 93. The one innocent victim whom Robespierre alluded to was an alleged case of mistaken identity.

34.
Ibid., p. 89.

35.
Ibid., p. 88.

36.
Thompson (1989), p. 102.

37.
Laponneraye (2002), p. 75.

38.
Ibid., p. 76.

39.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 144.

40.
Thompson (1939), pp. 295–96.

41.
L’ami du peuple
, vol. 5, pp. 2649–50.

42.
Walzer (1974), p. 111.

43.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 3a, p. 87.

44.
Walzer (1974), pp. 121–25.

45.
Ibid., p. 131; Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, pp. 121–22.

46.
Walzer (1974), p. 138; Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 122.

47.
Walzer (1974), p. 133; Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 123.

48.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 89.

49.
Ibid., p. 122.

50.
Ibid., p. 130.

51.
Saint-Just (1908), vol. 1, p. 2.

52.
Ibid., pp. 298–99.

53.
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 55, p. 7.

54.
Walzer (1974), p. 176.

55.
Walzer (1974), p. 192; Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 198.

56.
Walzer (1974), p. 192; Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 198.

57.
Croker (1857), p. 360.

58.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 205.

59.
Thompson (1939), p. 308.

60.
Mercier (1800), pp. 230–31; Croker (1857), p. 361.

61.
Belloc (1910), p. 243.

62.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 228.

63.
Ibid., p. 232.

64.
Croker (1857), p. 257.

65.
Mme d’Angoulême quoted in Croker (1857), p. 257.

66.
Jones (2002), p. 6.

67.
Prudhomme quoted in Croker (1857), p. 560.

68.
Croker (1857), p. 259. The April 1770 date was that of Marie Antoinette’s marriage by proxy, a familiar practice where the marriage of a princess to a foreigner was concerned; see Fraser (2001), p. 40. Her wedding in France took place later, on 16 May 1770.

9: The Pact with Violence

1.
Price (2003), p. 328.

2.
30 March 1793, William Bentley Papers, American Antiquarian Society.

3.
Doyle (1990), pp. 197–200. See also Blanning (1986) and (1996).

4.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 3a, p. 160.

5.
Ibid., vol. 9, p. 315.

6.
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 59, pp. 717–18.

7.
Croker (1857), p. 436. Later the Committee of General Security and the Committee of Public Safety sometimes intervened in making appointments to the tribunal.

8.
Doyle (1990), p. 227. The armed bands that smashed the print shops where Girondin journals were produced were in disguise but probably organized by Jacques René Hébert, a radical journalist and editor of the increasingly popular
Père Duchesne
.

9.
For important recent work on the
comités de surveillance
, see Guilhaumou and Lapied (2004).

10.
The establishment of the Committee of Public Safety was preceded by a complicated sequence of short-lived committees of government. Between 4 and 25 March there was the Committee of General Defense, set up in response to the foreign and domestic crises. It was succeeded by the
Commission de salut public
, which had twenty-five members drawn from both the Mountain and Girondin factions. This was too large and disunited to function and was finally replaced by the famous Committee of Public Safety on 6 April.

11.
Biard (1998), pp. 3–24.

12.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 320.

13.
Ibid., vol. 9, p. 320.

14.
Ibid., p. 346.

15.
Ibid., p. 318.

16.
Ibid., p. 363.

17.
Ibid., p. 377.

18.
Thompson (1989), p. 170.

19.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 420.

20.
Ibid., p. 418.

21.
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 61, pp. 624–25.

22.
Ibid., vol. 62, p. 34.

23.
Thompson (1989), p. 181.

24.
Croker (1857), p. 365.

25.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 490.

26.
Ibid., p. 513.

27.
Croker (1857), p. 366.

28.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 541.

29.
Thompson (1939), p. 333.

30.
Shuckburch (1989), pp. 34–35.

31.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 437.

32.
Ibid., pp. 452–53.

33.
Ibid., p. 459.

34.
Le patriote français
, no. 1354, p. 1.

35.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 112.

36.
Michelet (1979), vol. 2, p. 452.

37.
Robespierre (1910–67), vol. 9, p. 548.

38.
Doyle (1990), p. 246.

39.
Thompson (1989), p. 195.

40.
Archives parlementaires
, vol. 61, p. 279.

41.
Thompson (1989), pp. 179–80.

42.
There is dispute as to whether Robespierre had bodyguards. The Jacobins living in or near his street often walked home with him, but this may only have been because they were going in the same direction.