Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (119 page)

48
. David S. Reynolds,
John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights
(New York: Knopf, 2005), 191.

49
. Oswald Garrison Villard,
John Brown, 1800–1859: A Biography Fifty Years After
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), 366–67, 373–78; Thomas Goodrich,
War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1861
(Lincoln: University Press of Nebraska, 2004), 225.

50
. Frederick Douglass,
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself
(New York: Pathway Press, 1941), 249–51, 352–53.

51
. Merrill D. Peterson,
John Brown: The Legend Revisited
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2002), 6–7, 11; John Stauffer,
The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 258.

52
. Reynolds,
John Brown: Abolitionist
, 309–28.

53
. David W. Blight,
Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 97; Reynolds,
John Brown, Abolitionist
, 354.

54
. Brian McGinty,
John Brown’s Trial
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 257.

55
. Clarence L. Mohr,
On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986), 7; Malcolm C. McMillan,
The Disintegration of a Confederate State: Three Governors and Alabama’s Wartime Home Front, 1861–1865
(Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1986), 11; Simpson,
A Good Southerner
, 211–12.

56
. Dabney,
Life and Campaigns of Lieut.-Gen. Thomas J. Jackson
(New York: Blelock, 1866), 144.

57
. Garrison, “Speech of William Lloyd Garrison,” December 16, 1859, in
Documents of Upheaval
, 265–66.

58
. William C. Davis,
Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour, a Biography
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 268; Davis, “Relations of the States,” February 2, 1860,
Congressional Globe
, 36th Congress, 1st session, 658.

59
. J. P. Benjamin,
Defence of the National Democracy Against the Attack of Judge Douglas
(Washington, DC: National Democratic Executive Committee, 1860), 13–14.

60
. “The Washington Abortion,” in
Southern Editorials on Secession
, 111.

61
. Jeter Allen Isely,
Horace Greeley and the Republican Party, 1853–1861: A Study of the New York Tribune
(New York: Octagon Books, 1965), 266; Philip S. Paludan,
The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 15.

62
. “From Illinois,”
National Era
, November 18, 1858; Ida M. Tarbell,
The Life of Abraham Lincoln
(New York: McClure, Phillips, 1904), 1:322.

63
. Lincoln, “Address at Cooper Institute, New York City,” in
Collected Works
, 3:534, 549–50.

64
. Ibid.; John A. Corry,
Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Him President
(New York: XLibris, 2003), 99–110; John Channing Briggs,
Lincoln’s Speeches Reconsidered
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 241–50.

65
. Colfax to C. H. Ray, May 28, 1860,
The Oliver Barrett Lincoln Collection
(New York, 1952), 99.

66
. Robert W. Johannsen,
Lincoln, the South and Slavery: The Political Dimension
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 104, 112; Dallas, diary entry for June 2, 1860, in
Diary of George Mifflin Dallas: While United States Minister to Russia 1837 to 1839 and to England 1856 to 1861
, ed. Susan Dallas (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1892), 403.

67
.
Tribune Almanac for 1861
(New York: New York Tribune, 1861), 64.

68
. Strong, diary entry for November 17, 1861, in
The Diary of George Templeton Strong, 1860–1865
, ed. Allan Nevins (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 63; William C. Harris,
Lincoln’s Rise to the Presidency
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), 253; Freehling, The
Road to Disunion: Secessionists Triumphant
, 398–99; Yates Snowden,
History of South Carolina
(Chicago: Lewis, 1920), 2:659.

69
. Richards,
The Slave Power
, 91–94.

70
. David Clopton to William Burton, in Charles B. Dew,
Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001), 57–58; “Joseph E. Brown’s Secessionist Public Letter, December 7 [1860], from Milledgeville,” in
Secession Debated: Georgia’s Showdown in 1860
, 148–49; J. Randolph Tucker, “The Great Issue: Our Relations to It,”
Southern Literary Messenger
32 (March 1861): 174.

71
. Lincoln, “Passage Written for Lyman Trumbull’s Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” November 20, 1860, and “To Alexander H. Stephens,” December 22, 1860, in
Collected Works
, 4:142–43, 160; Harold Holzer,
Lincoln, President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860–1861
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008), 177–79.

72
. Lincoln, “To William Kellogg,” December 11, 1860, and “To John D. Defrees,” December 18, 1860, in
Collected Works
, 4:150, 155.

73
. McMillan,
Disintegration of a Confederate State
, 14–15.

74
. William C. Davis,
Rhett: The Turbulent Life and Times of a Fire-Eater
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 394; “The Perils of Peace,”
DeBow’s Review
31 (October–November 1861): 396–97.

75
. “What Should Georgia Do?” in
Southern Editorials on Secession
, 242.

76
. “New Lines of Sectionalism,” in
Southern Editorials on Secession
, 312; Clement Eaton,
A History of the Southern Confederacy
(New York: Macmillan, 1954), 26.

77
. George C. Rable,
The Confederate Republic: A Revolution Against Politics
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 50–51.

78
. “Meeting of Congress,” in
Southern Editorials on Secession
, 293; Buchanan, “Fourth Annual Message,” December 3, 1860, in
Messages and Papers of the Presidents
, 5:626, 628, 631, 635, 636.

79
. Wilson, “Property in Territories,” January 25, 1861,
Congressional Globe
, 36th Congress, 1st Session, 572; Johannsen,
Lincoln, the South, and Slavery
, 58ff.

80
. Martin Crawford, “Politicians in Crisis: The Washington Letters of William S. Thayer, December 1860–March 1861,”
Civil War History
27 (September 1981): 232.

81
. “State of the Union,” December 13, 1860,
Congressional Globe
, 36th Congress, 2nd Session, 96; Philip Shriver Klein,
President James Buchanan: A Biography
(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962), 360–63.

82
. Lincoln, “To William Kellogg,” in
Collected Works
, 4:150; “Vote on the Crittenden Resolutions, January 16, 1861,” in
The Political History of the United States of America, During the Great Rebellion
, ed. Edward McPherson (New York: Philp and Solomons, 1864), 64–65.

83
. “Notes by John A. Dix Concerning Certain Events and Transactions in Which He Took Part During the Civil War of 1861–’65 in the United States,” in Morgan Dix,
Memoirs of John Adams Dix
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1883), 1:345.

84
. “The Prayer at Sumter,”
Harper’s Weekly
, January 26, 1861, 49; Thomas Barthel,
Abner Doubleday: A Civil War Biography
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010), 62.

85
. Robert Hendrickson,
Sumter: The First Day of the Civil War
(Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House, 1991), 86; David Detzer,
Allegiance: Fort Sumter, Charleston, and the Beginning of the Civil War
(New York: Harcourt, 2001), 132; Abner Doubleday,
Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860–61
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1876), 93.

86
. Joseph Holt and Winfield Scott to Abraham Lincoln, March 5, 1861, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress.

87
. Russell McClintock,
Lincoln and the Decision for War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 232–33; David M. Potter,
Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1942), 373–75.

88
. Hudson Strode,
Jefferson Davis: Confederate President
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959), 2:40; Beauregard to Anderson, April 12, 1861,
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
, Series One (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1880), 1:14.

89
. “Cometary Astronomy,”
Danville Quarterly Review
1 (December 1861): 614, 630; “Scientific Intelligence,”
American Journal of Science and Arts
32 (November 1861): 134; David Sergeant,
The Greatest Comets in History: Broom Stars and Celestial Scimitars
(New York: Springer Science, 2009), 141;
The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events for the Year 1862
(New York: D. Appleton, 1862), 2:174.

1
. “Sarah Butler Wister’s Civil War Diary,” ed. Fanny Kemble Wister,
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
102 (July 1978): 271–77.

2
. Douglas R. Harper,
“If Thee Must Fight”: A Civil War History of Chester County, Pennsylvania
(West Chester, PA: Chester County Historical Society, 1990), 18.

3
. Alice Rains Trulock,
In the Hands of Providence: Joshua L. Chamberlain and the American Civil War
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 60–61.

4
. Cox, “War Preparations in the North,” in
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
, ed. R. U. Johnson and C. C. Buel (New York: Castle, 1956 [1887]), 1:85–86.

5
. W. H. Russell,
My Diary North and South
, 49–51; Diary of Samuel H. Pendleton, Special Collections, University of Virginia.

6
. Beauregard to Davis, April 13, 1861,
The War of the Rebellion
, 1:309.

7
. William C. Davis,
Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour, a Biography
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 325.

8
. Lincoln, “Speech at Galena, Illinois,” July 23, 1856, in
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, ed. Roy F. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 2:355.

9
.
The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, for the Year 1859
(Boston: Crosby, Nichols, 1859), 110–11.

10
. John Gibbon, “Organization of United States Artillery,”
United States Service Magazine
, May 1, 1864; Horace Greeley,
The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States
(Hartford, CT: O. D. Case, 1864), 1:555. Compare this level of organizational primitivism to the staff structures Helmuth von Moltke was building in Prussia at the same time; see Arden Bucholz,
Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871
(New York: Palgrave, 2001), 32–34, 43, 50–65.

11
. “An Act to Provide for Calling Forth the Militia,” February 28, 1795, in
The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America
, ed. Richard Peters (Boston: Little and Brown, 1845), 1:424–25; McPherson, ed.,
Political History of the Rebellion
, 115; Lincoln, “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, in
Collected Works
, 4:425.

12
. Philip Howes,
The Catalytic Wars: A Study in the Development of Warfare, 1860–1870
(London: Minerva, 1998), 177–78; Robert S. Chamberlain, “The Northern State Militia,”
Civil War History
4 (June 1958): 108–9.

13
. Lincoln, “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, in
Collected Works
, 4:437; McPherson, ed.,
Political History of the Rebellion
, 114.

14
. William Hesseltine,
Lincoln and the War Governors
(New York: Knopf, 1948), 154–56.

15
. Jacob Dolson Cox,
Military Reminiscences of the Civil War
(New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1900), 1:175, 187–88.

16
. Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones,
How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 12–13; Brent Nosworthy,
Roll Call to Destiny: The Soldier’s Eye View of Civil War Battles
(New York: Carroll and Graf, 2008), 26–31.

17
. Russell F. Weigley,
The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy
(New York: Macmillan, 1979), 78–79; Paddy Griffith,
Battle Tactics of the Civil War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), 99–111; Hew Strachan,
From Waterloo to Balaclava: Tactics, Technology, and the British Army, 1815–1854
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 2–3.

18
. Alexander McKay,
The Western World; or, Travels in the United States in 1846–47
(London: Richard Bentley, 1850), 3:214–15.

19
. Cox,
Military Reminiscences
, 1:179.

20
. Welles, diary entry for August 17, 1862, in
Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson
, ed. John T. Morse (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 1:85; Edward Hagerman,
The American Civil War and the Origins of Modern Warfare: Ideas, Organization, and Field Command
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), 4–13.