Fire in the Lake (80 page)

15
. The United States dropped slightly more than two million tons of bombs during the Second World War. It dropped 2,539,743 tons in Indochina from the time of Nixon's inauguration until March 1971, according to Pentagon statistics. (Noam Chomsky, “Mayday: The Case for Civil Disobedience.”)

16
. Previously, air operations in Laos had been conducted principally against the Ho Chi Minh trail and the area held by the Pathet Lao in the north. Targets had to be approved by the American ambassador in Vientiane, William Sullivan. From the start of the Nixon administration all civilian restrictions were put aside, and the air force bombed populated areas in most parts of the country almost at random. (Fred Branfman, “Presidential War in Laos, 1964–1970,” in
Laos: War and Revolution,
ed. N. Adams and A. McCoy.)

17
. Neither the U.S. nor the Cambodian government would release data on American air strikes in Cambodia. Owing to poor communications it was simply impossible to tell how many civilian casualties and how many refugees there were. It was difficult enough to determine how many casualties Lon Nol's army took.

18
.
Boston Globe,
4 June 1971.

19
.
New York Times,
19 October 1970.

20
. Ibid., 4 July 1970.

21
. The
Le Monde
correspondent, Jacques Decomoy, had a number of these articles translated.

22
. Robert Shaplen, “Letter from Saigon,”
New Yorker,
20 September 1969, p. 116, and
Time,
29 June 1971.

23
. In the spring of 1970 the black market rate rose from its normal level of 250–300 piastres to the dollar to 400 piastres to the dollar. The government rate was then still 118–1.

24
.
New York Times,
21 June 1970.

25
. Ibid., 12 June 1970.

26
. General Abrams himself was forced to warn against such practices after a North Vietnamese sapper entered one military compound and killed thirty Americans who, against regulations, were taking cover in the same bunker.

27
.
Boston Globe,
4 June 1971.

17: Fire in the Lake

  
1
. Extract from Tru Vu's “The Statue of the Century,” translated by Nguyen Ngoc Bich. In Nguyen Ngoc Bich, “The Poetry of Vietnam.”

  
2
. The name Bui Phat is a contraction of the names of the two Catholic bishoprics in the north, Phat Diem and Bui Chu, from which the first population of the district came.

  
3
.
Le Monde (sélection hebdomadaire),
14–20 May 1970. Jean-Claude Pomonti.

  
4
. Ngoc Ky, “A Visit to My Village,” in
Between Two Fires,
ed. Ly Qui Chung, p. 90.

  
5
. Samuel Huntington, “The Bases of Accommodation,” p. 655.

  
6
.
New York Times,
7 April 1968.

  
7
. Cynthia Frederick, “The Vietnamization of Saigon Politics,” pp. 9–13.

  
8
. Henry Kissinger, “Viet Nam Negotiations.”

  
9
.
Le Monde (sélection hebdomadaire),
14–20 May 1970.

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