First Ladies (80 page)

98
. Hoover,
Memoirs,
vol. 1, pp. 50–55.

99
. Frederick Palmer, “Mrs. Hoover Knows,”
Ladies' Home Journal
(March 1929), p. 6.

100
. “Hoover's Silent Partner,”
Literary Digest
(September 8, 1917), p. 55.

101
. Hoover,
Memoirs,
vol. 1, p. 99.

102
.
The American Historical Review,
prestigious journal of the American Historical Association, reviewed the Hoovers' work in its April 1914 issue, pp. 597–599. The reviewer called the translation “a noteworthy monument of patient and intelligible scholarship. … This work required both literary and technical training—a combination rarely found in one person, but furnished in this case by the partnership of husband and wife, both Stanford graduates, and the latter specifically familiar with the Latin language and with editorial work.”

103
.
New York Times
, March 10, 1914, p. 11.

104
. Hoover,
Memoirs
, vol. 1, p. 153.

105
. Hoover,
Memoirs
, vol. 1, p. 155.

106
. Hoover,
Memoirs
, vol. 1, p. 156.

107
. Helen B. Pryor,
Lou Henry Hoover: Gallant First Lady
(New York, 1969), p. 98. For an interpretation written after Lou Hoover's papers were opened in 1985, see Nancy Beck Young,
Lou Henry Hoover: Activist First Lady
(Lawrence, 2004).

108
. Pryor,
Lou Henry Hoover
, p. 100.

109
. Pryor,
Lou Henry Hoover
, p. 93.

110
. Pryor,
Lou Henry Hoover,
p. 104.

111
. “Dining With the Hoovers,”
Ladies' Home Journal
(March 1918), p, 38.

112
. Pryor,
Lou Henry Hoover,
p. 112.

113
. Hoover,
Memoirs,
vol. 1, pp. 273–274.

114
. Hoover,
Memoirs,
vol. 2, p. 188. The point has been made elsewhere that the visits might have stopped during the war even without the influence of Lou Hoover. Many women, including the wife of the assistant secretary of the navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, objected to spending their time on social visits.

115
. Hoff-Wilson,
Herbert Hoover,
p, 20.

116
.
New York Times,
April 20, 1923, p. 14.

117
. Hoff-Wilson,
Herbert Hoover
, p. 19.

118
. Alice Kessler-Harris,
Out To Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States
(New York, 1982), p. 229.

119
. Matthew and Hannah Josephson,
Al Smith: Hero of the Cities
(Boston, 1969). p. 368.

120
. Richard O'Connor,
The First Hurrah: A Biography of Al Smith
(New York, 1970), p. 166.

121
. Josephson,
Al Smith
, p. 388.

122
. Frederick L. Collins, “Mrs. Hoover's Washington,”
Woman's Home Companion
(March 1929), p. 66.

123
. Mary Roberts Rinehart, “A New First Lady Becomes Hostess for a Nation,”
World's Work
(March 1929), p. 34.

124
. Hoover, “Memoirs,”
Collier's
(March 10, 1951), p. 33.

125
. Dare Stark, “Heirlooms in the White House,”
Woman's Home Companion
(March 1932), pp. 17–18.

126
. Parks and Leighton,
Thirty Years
, p. 52.

127
. Parks and Leighton,
Thirty Years
, p. 80.

128
. Ava Long (with Mildred Harrington), “Presidents at Home,”
Ladies' Home Journal
(September 1933), p. 8.

129
. Irwin Hood Hoover,
Forty-Two Years in the White House
(Boston, 1934).

130
. Myra Greenberg Gutin, “The President's Partner: The First Lady as Public Communicator, 1920–1976” (Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1983), p. 156.

131
. Hoover, “Memoirs,”
Collier's
(February 17, 1951), p. 13.

132
. Letter to author, July 23, 1985, from Dale C. Mayer, archivist and supervisor of the Lou Henry Hoover project at the Herbert Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa.

133
.
New York Times
, November 6, 1931, p. 4.

134
. Gutin, “President's Partner,” p. 166.

135
.
New York Times
, June 23, 1929, p. 16.

136
. Gutin, “President's Partner,” p. 160, cites an interview with Thomas Thalkin, former curator at the Herbert Hoover Library. Dale C. Mayer, supervisor of the Lou Henry Hoover project at the library, substantiated the point in a letter to the author, July 23, 1985.

137
. Gutin, “President's Partner,” p. 173. Joy Scimé, who is completing at SUNY Buffalo a doctoral dissertation on the federal government's regulations on married women working in the 1930s, concluded that Herbert Hoover listened to members of the National Woman's Party in deciding to issue the 1932 Executive Order. Scimé found no evidence of Lou Hoover's influence. The order did little to advance the cause of women's equal right to work—in fact, it worked to their detriment, as Scimé has pointed out. Prior to 1932, Civil Service appointments were made “without regard to sex unless sex is specified in the request.” Since a request for either a man or woman was usually included in the job description, the appointment was made from the appropriate list of those who had taken the Civil Service examination. (The exam had been open to both men and women since 1919.) What the National Woman's Party (and presumably President Hoover) had not foreseen was the disadvantage that women faced when placed on a single list that included men. Because veterans automatically received extra points on their examination scores and since few women had military experience to qualify them for the extra points, men got the jobs. Franklin Roosevelt, with the encouragement of the League of Women Voters, reinstated the dual list.

138
. Karen Keesling and Suzanne Cavanaugh, “Women Presidential Appointees Serving or Having Served in Full-Time Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation, 1912–1977,” Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, March 23, 1978.

139
. Gutin, “President's Partner,” p. 160.

140
. Mildred Adams, “The First Lady Rules a Broad Realm,”
New York Times
, November 30, 1930, section 5, p. 9.

141
. Pryor,
Lou Henry Hoover
, p. 180. See
Journal of Negro History
, vol. 65 (1980), pp. 6–17, for a political interpretation of this event.

142
. Collins, “Mrs. Hoover's Washington,” p. 32.

143
. Bess Furman,
Washington By-Line
(New York, 1949), p. 57.

144
.
New York Times
, March 24, 1931, p. 20.

145
.
New York Times
, November 6, 1932, p. 34;
New York Times
, November 28, 1932, p. 3.

146
. Alice Longworth, “Some Reminiscences,”
Ladies' Home Journal
(February 1936), p. 8.

147
.
New York Times,
February 26, 1944, p. 9.

1
. Lorena Hickok,
Eleanor Roosevelt, Reluctant First Lady
(New York, 1962), p. 4.

2
. Eleanor Roosevelt, “Today's Girl—Tomorrow's Job,”
Woman's Home Companion
(June 1932), p. 11.

3
. Joseph P. Lash, “Eleanor Roosevelt's Role in Women's History,” Mabel E. Deutrich and Virginia C. Purdy, eds.,
Clio Was a Woman
(Washington, D.C., 1976), pp. 243–253.

4
. Roosevelt, “Today's Girl,” p. 11.

5
. Joseph P. Lash,
Eleanor and Franklin
(New York, 1971), p. 122.

6
. Eleanor Roosevelt,
Autobiography
(New York, 1960), p. 55.

7
. Roosevelt,
Autobiography
, p. 68. See Blanche Wiesen Cook,
Eleanor Roosevelt: 1884–1933
(New York, 1992).

8
. Joseph P. Lash,
Love, Eleanor: Eleanor Roosevelt and Her Friends
(Garden City, 1982), p. 67.

9
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor,
p. 67.

10
. Roosevelt,
Autobiography,
p. 192.

11
. Roosevelt,
Autobiography,
p. 150; Hickok,
Eleanor Roosevelt,
p. 13.

12
. Roosevelt,
Autobiography,
p. 104.

13
. Roosevelt,
Autobiography,
p. 112. A great deal of attention has focused on Eleanor's network of women friends. See Elisabeth Israels Perry, “Training for Public Life,” in
Without Precedent
, ed. Joan Hoff-Wilson and Marjorie Lightman (Bloomington, 1984), pp. 28–45. Also see Susan Ware,
Beyond Suffrage
(Cambridge, 1981) for a discussion of women's networks in the 1930s.

14
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 103.

15
. M. K. Wisehart, “What Is a Wife's Job Today?”
Good Housekeeping
(August 1930), p. 34.

16
. Hickok,
Eleanor Roosevelt
, p. 2. For one view of the relationship between Eleanor and Lorena Hickok, see Doris Faber,
The Life of Lorena Hickok
(New York, 1980).

17
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 278.

18
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor,
p. 441.

19
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor,
p. 283.

20
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor,
p. 161.

21
. Maurine Beasley, ed.,
The White House Press Conferences of Eleanor Roosevelt
(New York, 1983), p. 170.

22
. Hickok,
Eleanor Roosevelt,
p. 5. In 1959, after Eleanor Roosevelt had left Washington, she agreed to advertise margarine on television because, she said, the $35,000 remuneration would buy many CARE packages. See Bernard Asbell, ed.,
Mother and Daughter
(New York, 1982), p. 329.

23
. Hickock,
Eleanor Roosevelt
, p. 5.

24
. George Gallup,
Gallup Poll
, 3 vols. (New York, 1972), vol. 1, p. 39.

25
. Hickok,
Eleanor Roosevelt
, pp. 75–78.

26
. Gerald D. Nash,
The Great Depression and World War II: Organizing America
(New York, 1979), p. 75.

27
. For a fuller discussion of Eleanor Roosevelt's relation with the press, see
chapter 11
, “Presidential Wives and the Press,” from previous editions of this book.

28
. Beasley,
Press Conferences
, p. 107.

29
. Nash,
Great Depression
, p. 76.

30
. Susan Ware,
Holding Their Own: American Women in the 1930s
(Boston, 1982), pp. 40–41. For several important essays on Eleanor's efforts to help women, see Joan Hoff-Wilson and Marjorie Lightman, eds.,
Without Precedent
(Bloomington, 1984).

31
. Paul C. Taylor, biographical entry for Mary Williams Dewson, in Barbara Sicherman et al., eds.,
Notable American Women: The Modern Period
(Cambridge, 1980), p. 190.

32
. Lois Banner,
American Beauty
(New York, 1983), p. 189.

33
. Beasley,
Press Conferences
, p. 128.

34
. Lash,
Eleanor and Franklin
, p. 471.

35
. Lash,
Eleanor and Franklin
, p. 470.

36
. Jerre Mangione to author. Jerre Mangione has also described his visits to the White House in
Ethnic At Large
(New York, 1978), pp. 353–365.

37
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor,
p. 157.

38
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 170.

39
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 180.

40
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 159.

41
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 189.

42
. James Roosevelt,
My Parents
(Chicago, 1976), p. 170.

43
. Asbell, ed.,
Mother and Daughter
, p. 177.

44
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 331.

45
. Lash,
Love Eleanor
, p. 223.

46
. Roosevelt,
Autobiography
, p. 192.

47
. Lash,
Love, Eleanor
, p. 223.

48
. Ware,
Holding Their Own
, p. 91, quotes from an unpublished manuscript at the Schlesinger Library.

49
. Beasley,
Press Conferences,
p. 90.

50
. Dorothy Bromley, “The Future of Eleanor Roosevelt,”
Harper's
(January 1940), pp. 13off.

51
.
Time
(March 6, 1939), p. 11.

52
. Robert Day,
The New Yorker
(June 3, 1933), p. 15.

53
. Hickok,
Eleanor Roosevelt
, p. 3.

54
. Beasley,
Press Conferences
, p. 101.

55
. Roosevelt,
Autobiography
, p. 178.

56
. Roosevelt,
Autobiography
, p. 209.

57
. Bromley, “Future of Eleanor Roosevelt,” p. 131.

58
. Raymond Clapper, “10 Most Powerful People in Washington,”
Readers' Digest
(May 1941), p. 45.
Good Housekeeping
editors in 1980 rated Eleanor's influence with the president much lower. See
Appendix V
.