Freedom Summer (51 page)
CHAPTER TWO:
“Not Even Past”
CHAPTER THREE:
Freedom Street
“Not Even Past”
38
“more or less bunk”:
Justin Kaplan, ed.,
Familiar Quotations,
16th ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1992), p. 499n.
“more or less bunk”:
Justin Kaplan, ed.,
Familiar Quotations,
16th ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1992), p. 499n.
38
“The past is never dead”:
William Faulkner,
Requiem for a Nun
(New York: Penguin Books, 1953), p. 81.
“The past is never dead”:
William Faulkner,
Requiem for a Nun
(New York: Penguin Books, 1953), p. 81.
39
“Mississippians don’t know”:
Geoffrey C. Ward, Ric Burns, and Ken Burns,
The Civil War: An Illustrated History
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), p. 212.
“Mississippians don’t know”:
Geoffrey C. Ward, Ric Burns, and Ken Burns,
The Civil War: An Illustrated History
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), p. 212.
39
“Meridian, with its depots”:
Shelby Foote,
The Civil War: A Narrative—Fredericksburg to Meridian
(New York: Random House, 1963), p. 926.
“Meridian, with its depots”:
Shelby Foote,
The Civil War: A Narrative—Fredericksburg to Meridian
(New York: Random House, 1963), p. 926.
39
“Chimneyville”:
John Ray Skates,
Mississippi: A Bicentennial History
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), p. 108.
“Chimneyville”:
John Ray Skates,
Mississippi: A Bicentennial History
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), p. 108.
40
“Things was hurt”:
Eric Foner,
A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863- 1877
(New York: Harper & Row, 1990), p. 86.
“Things was hurt”:
Eric Foner,
A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863- 1877
(New York: Harper & Row, 1990), p. 86.
41
“The whole public are tired out”:
William C. Harris,
The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), p. 668.
“The whole public are tired out”:
William C. Harris,
The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), p. 668.
41
“Democrats Standing Manfully by Their Guns!”: Atlanta Constitution,
November 3, 1875.
“Democrats Standing Manfully by Their Guns!”: Atlanta Constitution,
November 3, 1875.
41
“A revolution has taken place”:
Foner,
Short History
, pp. 235-36.
“A revolution has taken place”:
Foner,
Short History
, pp. 235-36.
42
“we could study the earth through the floor”:
Aaron Henry,
Aaron Henry: The Fire Ever Burning
, with Constance Curry (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2000), p. 91.
“we could study the earth through the floor”:
Aaron Henry,
Aaron Henry: The Fire Ever Burning
, with Constance Curry (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2000), p. 91.
42
“Naught’s a naught”:
Richard Wright,
Uncle Tom’s Children
(New York: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 157.
“Naught’s a naught”:
Richard Wright,
Uncle Tom’s Children
(New York: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 157.
42
“jus’ as different here from other places”:
Sally Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
(New York: Viking, 1965), p. 46.
“jus’ as different here from other places”:
Sally Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
(New York: Viking, 1965), p. 46.
42
“the necessity of it”:
C. Vann Woodward,
The Strange Career of Jim Crow,
3d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 73.
“the necessity of it”:
C. Vann Woodward,
The Strange Career of Jim Crow,
3d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 73.
42
“one of the most grotesque bodies”:
Claude G. Bowers,
The Tragic Era: The Revolution after Lincoln
(Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1929), pp. 414, 448.
“one of the most grotesque bodies”:
Claude G. Bowers,
The Tragic Era: The Revolution after Lincoln
(Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1929), pp. 414, 448.
42
“Rape is the foul daughter”:
Ibid., p. 308.
“Rape is the foul daughter”:
Ibid., p. 308.
42
“was organized for the protection”:
Ibid., p. 309.
“was organized for the protection”:
Ibid., p. 309.
43
“The South needs to believe”:
Gunnar Myrdal,
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
(New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 448.
“The South needs to believe”:
Gunnar Myrdal,
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
(New York: Harper & Row, 1962), p. 448.
43
“The problem of the twentieth century”:
W. E. B. DuBois,
The Souls of Black Folk
(New York: Vintage, 1990), p. 16.
“The problem of the twentieth century”:
W. E. B. DuBois,
The Souls of Black Folk
(New York: Vintage, 1990), p. 16.
43
“What are the three largest cities in Mississippi?”:
John Beecher, “McComb, Mississippi: May 1965,”
Ramparts
, May 1965; reprinted in Library of America,
Reporting Civil Rights
, p. 398.
“What are the three largest cities in Mississippi?”:
John Beecher, “McComb, Mississippi: May 1965,”
Ramparts
, May 1965; reprinted in Library of America,
Reporting Civil Rights
, p. 398.
43
“worse than slavery”:
David M. Oshinsky, “
Worse Than Slavery”: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), flyleaf epigram.
“worse than slavery”:
David M. Oshinsky, “
Worse Than Slavery”: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), flyleaf epigram.
44
“Never was there happier dependence”:
David W. Blight,
Beyond the Battlefield: Race, Memory, and the American Civil War
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002), p. 260.
“Never was there happier dependence”:
David W. Blight,
Beyond the Battlefield: Race, Memory, and the American Civil War
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002), p. 260.
44
“the loveliest and purest of God’s creatures”:
Hodding Carter III,
The South Strikes Back
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959), p. 30.
“the loveliest and purest of God’s creatures”:
Hodding Carter III,
The South Strikes Back
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959), p. 30.
44
“reckless eyeballing”:
Kim Lacy Rogers,
Life and Death in the Delta: African American Narratives of Violence, Resilience, and Social Change
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 37.
“reckless eyeballing”:
Kim Lacy Rogers,
Life and Death in the Delta: African American Narratives of Violence, Resilience, and Social Change
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 37.
44
“Nigger, Don’t Let the Sun”:
Adam Gussow,
Seems Like Murder Here: Southern Violence and the Blues Tradition
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 70.
“Nigger, Don’t Let the Sun”:
Adam Gussow,
Seems Like Murder Here: Southern Violence and the Blues Tradition
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 70.
44
“making such criticism so dangerous”:
W. J. Cash,
The Mind of the South
(New York: Random House, 1941), p. 93.
“making such criticism so dangerous”:
W. J. Cash,
The Mind of the South
(New York: Random House, 1941), p. 93.
45
“When civil rights came along”:
Jason Sokol,
There Goes My Everything: White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights, 1945-1975
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), p. 63.
“When civil rights came along”:
Jason Sokol,
There Goes My Everything: White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights, 1945-1975
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), p. 63.
45
“The Negro is a lazy”:
Curtis Wilkie,
Dixie: A Personal Odyssey Through Events That Shaped the Modern South
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), p. 57.
“The Negro is a lazy”:
Curtis Wilkie,
Dixie: A Personal Odyssey Through Events That Shaped the Modern South
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), p. 57.
45
“I am calling upon every red-blooded American”:
Skates,
Mississippi
, p. 155.
“I am calling upon every red-blooded American”:
Skates,
Mississippi
, p. 155.
45
“Segregation will never end in my lifetime”:
Carter,
South Strikes Back
, p. 13.
“Segregation will never end in my lifetime”:
Carter,
South Strikes Back
, p. 13.
46
“shocked and stunned”:
Neil R. McMillen,
The Citizens’ Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-1964
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971), p. 15.
“shocked and stunned”:
Neil R. McMillen,
The Citizens’ Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-1964
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971), p. 15.
46
“We are about to embark”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 37.
“We are about to embark”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 37.
46
“to separate them from others”:
Diane Ravitch, ed.,
The American Reader: Words That Moved a Nation
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1991), p. 306.
“to separate them from others”:
Diane Ravitch, ed.,
The American Reader: Words That Moved a Nation
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1991), p. 306.
46
“The Citizens’ Council is the South’s answer”:
Carter,
South Strikes Back
, p. 43.
“The Citizens’ Council is the South’s answer”:
Carter,
South Strikes Back
, p. 43.
46
“the uptown Klan”:
Hodding Carter quoted in James W. Silver,
Mississippi: The Closed Society
, rev. ed. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), p. 36.
“the uptown Klan”:
Hodding Carter quoted in James W. Silver,
Mississippi: The Closed Society
, rev. ed. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), p. 36.
46
“Why Separate Schools Should be Maintained”:
McMillen,
Citizens’ Council
, p. 242.
“Why Separate Schools Should be Maintained”:
McMillen,
Citizens’ Council
, p. 242.
47
“right thinking”:
Carter,
South Strikes Back
, p. 34.
“right thinking”:
Carter,
South Strikes Back
, p. 34.
47
“God was the original segregationist”: New York Times
, November 7, 1987.
“God was the original segregationist”: New York Times
, November 7, 1987.
47
“dat Brown mess”:
Endesha Ida Mae Holland,
From the Mississippi Delta: A Memoir
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), p. 65.
“dat Brown mess”:
Endesha Ida Mae Holland,
From the Mississippi Delta: A Memoir
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), p. 65.
47
“And then there were the redneck boys”:
Willie Morris,
North Toward Home
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), pp. 21-22.
“And then there were the redneck boys”:
Willie Morris,
North Toward Home
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), pp. 21-22.
48
“odd accident”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 53-54.
“odd accident”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 53-54.
48
“the world see what they did to my boy”:
Juan Williams,
Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965
(New York: Penguin, 2002), p. 44.
“the world see what they did to my boy”:
Juan Williams,
Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965
(New York: Penguin, 2002), p. 44.
48
“Good morning, niggers” and “every last Anglo Saxon one of you”:
Paul Hendrickson,
Sons of Mississippi: A Story of Race and Its Legacy
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), pp. 9-10.
“Good morning, niggers” and “every last Anglo Saxon one of you”:
Paul Hendrickson,
Sons of Mississippi: A Story of Race and Its Legacy
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), pp. 9-10.
48
“If we in America”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, 57.
“If we in America”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, 57.
48
“There’s open season on Negroes now”:
Ibid., p. 58.
“There’s open season on Negroes now”:
Ibid., p. 58.
48
“From that point on”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, p. 235.
“From that point on”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, p. 235.
48
“It was the so-called dumb people”:
Youth of the Rural Organizing and Cultural Center,
Minds Stayed on Freedom: The Civil Rights Struggle in the Rural South, an Oral History
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), p. 59.
“It was the so-called dumb people”:
Youth of the Rural Organizing and Cultural Center,
Minds Stayed on Freedom: The Civil Rights Struggle in the Rural South, an Oral History
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), p. 59.
49
“that damn few white men”:
Winson Hudson and Constance Curry,
Mississippi Harmony: Memoirs of a Freedom Fighter
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 37.
“that damn few white men”:
Winson Hudson and Constance Curry,
Mississippi Harmony: Memoirs of a Freedom Fighter
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 37.
49
“invalid, unconstitutional, and not of lawful effect”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 59-60.
“invalid, unconstitutional, and not of lawful effect”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 59-60.
49
“working hand-in-glove with Communist sympathizers”:
Sokol,
There Goes My Everything
, p. 88.
“working hand-in-glove with Communist sympathizers”:
Sokol,
There Goes My Everything
, p. 88.
50
“Sorry, Cable Trouble”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 65-66.
“Sorry, Cable Trouble”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, pp. 65-66.
50
“The following program”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, 109.
“The following program”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, 109.
50
“Negro cow-girl”:
Dan Classen,
Watching Jim Crow: The Struggles over Mississippi TV, 1955-1969
(Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2004), pp. 101-3.
“Negro cow-girl”:
Dan Classen,
Watching Jim Crow: The Struggles over Mississippi TV, 1955-1969
(Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2004), pp. 101-3.
50
“a veiled argument for racial intermarriage”:
Mark Harris,
Pictures at a Revolution: Five Movies and the Birth of the New Hollywood
(New York: Penguin Press, 2008), p. 57.
“a veiled argument for racial intermarriage”:
Mark Harris,
Pictures at a Revolution: Five Movies and the Birth of the New Hollywood
(New York: Penguin Press, 2008), p. 57.
51
“intellectual straight-jacketing”: New York Times
, June 18, 1964.
“intellectual straight-jacketing”: New York Times
, June 18, 1964.
51
“who will lynch you from a low tree”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 56.
“who will lynch you from a low tree”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 56.
51
“private Gestapo”:
Lynne Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement from 1830 to 1970
(New York: Scribner, 2001), p. 327.
“private Gestapo”:
Lynne Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement from 1830 to 1970
(New York: Scribner, 2001), p. 327.
51
“Today we live in fear”:
Silver,
Mississippi
, p. 39.
“Today we live in fear”:
Silver,
Mississippi
, p. 39.
51
“assdom”:
John Howard Griffin,
Black Like Me,
2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961), p. 82.
“assdom”:
John Howard Griffin,
Black Like Me,
2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961), p. 82.
51
“Join the Glorious Citizens Clan”:
McMillen,
Citizens’ Council
, p. 257.
“Join the Glorious Citizens Clan”:
McMillen,
Citizens’ Council
, p. 257.
51
“goons” and “Hateists”:
Ira B. Harkey Jr.,
The Smell of Burning Crosses: An Autobiography of a Mississippi Newspaperman
(Jacksonville, Fla.: Delphi Press, 1967), p. 126.
“goons” and “Hateists”:
Ira B. Harkey Jr.,
The Smell of Burning Crosses: An Autobiography of a Mississippi Newspaperman
(Jacksonville, Fla.: Delphi Press, 1967), p. 126.
52
“We hate violence”:
Silver,
Mississippi
, p. 46.
“We hate violence”:
Silver,
Mississippi
, p. 46.
52
“The project is concerned with construction”:
COFO letter to Mississippi sheriffs, May 21, 1964, Hillegas Collection.
“The project is concerned with construction”:
COFO letter to Mississippi sheriffs, May 21, 1964, Hillegas Collection.
52
“communists, sex perverts”:
Yasuhiro Katagiri,
The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission: Civil Rights and States’ Rights
(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001), p. 159.
“communists, sex perverts”:
Yasuhiro Katagiri,
The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission: Civil Rights and States’ Rights
(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001), p. 159.
52
“It will be a long hot summer”:
Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Files, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Miss. (hereafter, MDAH) SCR ID# 9-31-1-43-1-1-1.
“It will be a long hot summer”:
Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Files, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Miss. (hereafter, MDAH) SCR ID# 9-31-1-43-1-1-1.
52
“The white girls have been going around”:
James L. Dickerson,
Dixie’s Dirty Secret
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 91.
“The white girls have been going around”:
James L. Dickerson,
Dixie’s Dirty Secret
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), p. 91.
53
“where black and white will walk together”:
MDAH SCR ID# 9-32-0-1-2-1-1.
“where black and white will walk together”:
MDAH SCR ID# 9-32-0-1-2-1-1.
53
“carpetbagger” and “scalawag”:
Carter,
South Strikes Back
, pp. 143, 191.
“carpetbagger” and “scalawag”:
Carter,
South Strikes Back
, pp. 143, 191.
53
“I know we’ve had a hundred years”:
Von Hoffman,
Mississippi Notebook
, p. 3.
“I know we’ve had a hundred years”:
Von Hoffman,
Mississippi Notebook
, p. 3.
53
“In my life span”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 16, 1964.
“In my life span”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 16, 1964.
53
thirty thousand “invaders”: Los Angeles Times
, June 18, 1964.
thirty thousand “invaders”: Los Angeles Times
, June 18, 1964.
53
Negro gangs were “ forming to rape white women”: Tupelo Journal
, June 19, 1964.
Negro gangs were “ forming to rape white women”: Tupelo Journal
, June 19, 1964.
54
“This is just a taste”: Chicago Tribune
, June 9, 1964.
“This is just a taste”: Chicago Tribune
, June 9, 1964.
54
“Don’t do no violence”:
Atwater, “If We Can Crack,” p. 18.
“Don’t do no violence”:
Atwater, “If We Can Crack,” p. 18.
54
“Guidelines for Self-protection and Preservation”:
Hodding Carter,
So the Heffners Left McComb
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), pp. 69-71.
“Guidelines for Self-protection and Preservation”:
Hodding Carter,
So the Heffners Left McComb
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), pp. 69-71.
54
“This summer, within a very few days”:
Don Whitehead,
Attack on Terror: The FBI Against the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi
(New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1970), pp. 6-8.
“This summer, within a very few days”:
Don Whitehead,
Attack on Terror: The FBI Against the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi
(New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1970), pp. 6-8.
54
“I hear that this summer”:
Suzanne Marrs,
Eudora Welty: A Biography
(Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 2005), p. 309.
“I hear that this summer”:
Suzanne Marrs,
Eudora Welty: A Biography
(Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 2005), p. 309.
54
“increased activity in weapon shipments”:
Simon Wendt,
The Spirit and the Shotgun: Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007), p. 116.
“increased activity in weapon shipments”:
Simon Wendt,
The Spirit and the Shotgun: Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007), p. 116.
Freedom Street
56
“unpleasant, to say the least”:
Chris Williams, correspondence, June 21, 1964.
“unpleasant, to say the least”:
Chris Williams, correspondence, June 21, 1964.
56
“Impeach Earl Warren”:
Frederick M. Wirt,
Politics of Southern Equality: Law and Social Change in a Mississippi County
(Chicago: Aldine, 1970), p. 136.
“Impeach Earl Warren”:
Frederick M. Wirt,
Politics of Southern Equality: Law and Social Change in a Mississippi County
(Chicago: Aldine, 1970), p. 136.
57
“so big they could stand flatfooted”:
Karl Fleming,
Son of the Rough South: An Uncivil Memoir
(New York: Public Affairs, 2005, p. 361).
“so big they could stand flatfooted”:
Karl Fleming,
Son of the Rough South: An Uncivil Memoir
(New York: Public Affairs, 2005, p. 361).
57
“We’re gonna give you a hard time”:
Williams, correspondence, June 21, 1964.
“We’re gonna give you a hard time”:
Williams, correspondence, June 21, 1964.
58
“that you did not come down”: New York Times,
June 21, 1964, p. 64.
“that you did not come down”: New York Times,
June 21, 1964, p. 64.
58
“Their demeanor, how they treated us”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
“Their demeanor, how they treated us”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
58
“He thinks out his moves carefully”:
Williams, correspondence, June 21, 1964.
“He thinks out his moves carefully”:
Williams, correspondence, June 21, 1964.
58
“something I had to live with”:
Robert Miles memorial service, program.
“something I had to live with”:
Robert Miles memorial service, program.
59
“on account of your father”: Congressional Record
111, pt. 10 (June 22, 1965): H 13929.
“on account of your father”: Congressional Record
111, pt. 10 (June 22, 1965): H 13929.
59
“I don’t see why they don’t let us swim”:
Williams, correspondence, June 30, 1964.
“I don’t see why they don’t let us swim”:
Williams, correspondence, June 30, 1964.
59
“Y’all gonna hear”:
Williams, personal interview, February 1, 2008.
“Y’all gonna hear”:
Williams, personal interview, February 1, 2008.
60
“Have you seen my girls yet?”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 51.
“Have you seen my girls yet?”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 51.
60
“skinny” or “pretty”:
Ibid.
“skinny” or “pretty”:
Ibid.
60
“We’re mighty glad” and “It’s a right fine Christian thing”:
Sugarman,
Stranger at the Gates
, p. 53.
“We’re mighty glad” and “It’s a right fine Christian thing”:
Sugarman,
Stranger at the Gates
, p. 53.
60
“There they is!”:
Ibid., p. 50.
“There they is!”:
Ibid., p. 50.
60
“I’ve waited eighty years”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 51.
“I’ve waited eighty years”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 51.
61
“There are people here”:
Ibid., p. 61.
“There are people here”:
Ibid., p. 61.
61
“I could kick down”:
Ibid., p. 64.
“I could kick down”:
Ibid., p. 64.
61
“the most appalling example”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 87.
“the most appalling example”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 87.
61
“a fiery and fast moving old woman”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, pp. 47-48.
“a fiery and fast moving old woman”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, pp. 47-48.
62
“I was really surprised”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
“I was really surprised”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
62
“Greetings from Batesville, Miss.”:
Williams, correspondence, June 21, 1964.
“Greetings from Batesville, Miss.”:
Williams, correspondence, June 21, 1964.
63
“some good old southern bourbon”:
Ibid.
“some good old southern bourbon”:
Ibid.
63
“Had Moses not wanted it to happen”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, p. 287.
“Had Moses not wanted it to happen”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, p. 287.
63
“either an act of madness”:
Carmichael,
Ready for Revolution
, p. 350.
“either an act of madness”:
Carmichael,
Ready for Revolution
, p. 350.
63
“We had worked so hard”:
Watkins, interview, June 16, 2008.
“We had worked so hard”:
Watkins, interview, June 16, 2008.
63
“This was Bob Moses talking”:
Carmichael,
Ready for Revolution
, p. 350.
“This was Bob Moses talking”:
Carmichael,
Ready for Revolution
, p. 350.
63
“taken over the Jackson office”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 208.
“taken over the Jackson office”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 208.
63
“a bunch of Yalies”:
Ibid., p. 209.
“a bunch of Yalies”:
Ibid., p. 209.
63
“If we’re trying to break down”:
Zinn,
SNCC
, p. 188.
“If we’re trying to break down”:
Zinn,
SNCC
, p. 188.
63
“We don’t have much to gain”:
Nicolaus Mills,
Like a Holy Crusade: Mississippi 1964—The Turning of the Civil Rights Movement in America
(New York: Knopf, 1992), p. 58.
“We don’t have much to gain”:
Nicolaus Mills,
Like a Holy Crusade: Mississippi 1964—The Turning of the Civil Rights Movement in America
(New York: Knopf, 1992), p. 58.
64
“get rid of the whites”:
Burner,
And Gently He Shall Lead Them
, p. 129.
“get rid of the whites”:
Burner,
And Gently He Shall Lead Them
, p. 129.
64
“all black”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, p. 287.
“all black”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, p. 287.
64
“a question of rational people”:
Burner,
And Gently He Shall Lead Them
, p. 129.
“a question of rational people”:
Burner,
And Gently He Shall Lead Them
, p. 129.
64
“How large a force”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 208.
“How large a force”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 208.
64
“Too difficult,” “huge influx” and “sociological research”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
“Too difficult,” “huge influx” and “sociological research”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
64
“You killed my husband!”:
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, p. 510.
“You killed my husband!”:
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, p. 510.
64
“when you’re dead”:
Council of Federated Organizations (COFO),
Mississippi Black Paper: Fifty-seven Negro and White Citizens’ Testimony of Police Brutality
(New York: Random House, 1965), p. 37.
“when you’re dead”:
Council of Federated Organizations (COFO),
Mississippi Black Paper: Fifty-seven Negro and White Citizens’ Testimony of Police Brutality
(New York: Random House, 1965), p. 37.
65
“For me, it was as if everything”:
Moses and Cobb,
Radical Equations
, p. 76.
“For me, it was as if everything”:
Moses and Cobb,
Radical Equations
, p. 76.
65
“other than to dedicate”:
Bob Moses, personal interview, December 10, 2008.
“other than to dedicate”:
Bob Moses, personal interview, December 10, 2008.
65
“The staff had been deadlocked”:
Moses and Cobb,
Radical Equations
, p. 76.
“The staff had been deadlocked”:
Moses and Cobb,
Radical Equations
, p. 76.
65
“Notes on Teaching,” “Techniques for Field Work,” and “The General Condition”:
SNCC Papers, reels 39, 40, 64.
“Notes on Teaching,” “Techniques for Field Work,” and “The General Condition”:
SNCC Papers, reels 39, 40, 64.
67
“Niggers . . . Beatnicks”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
“Niggers . . . Beatnicks”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
67
“Would you please give”:
SNCC Papers, reel 64.
“Would you please give”:
SNCC Papers, reel 64.
67
“ for the good work”:
Ibid.
“ for the good work”:
Ibid.
67
“Robert Moses, 708 Avenue N”:
Fischer, “Small Band,” p. 26.
“Robert Moses, 708 Avenue N”:
Fischer, “Small Band,” p. 26.
67
“I’m sorry it isn’t more”:
SNCC Papers, reel 64.
“I’m sorry it isn’t more”:
SNCC Papers, reel 64.
68
“hooking people up”:
Constance Curry, Joan C. Browning, Dorothy Dawson Burlage, Penny Patch, Theresa Del Pozzo, Sue Thrasher, Elaine DeLott Baker, Emmie Schrader Adams, and Casey Hayden,
Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), p. 346.
“hooking people up”:
Constance Curry, Joan C. Browning, Dorothy Dawson Burlage, Penny Patch, Theresa Del Pozzo, Sue Thrasher, Elaine DeLott Baker, Emmie Schrader Adams, and Casey Hayden,
Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), p. 346.
68
“The mass media are”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
“The mass media are”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
68
“ for we think it is important”:
Ibid.
“ for we think it is important”:
Ibid.
68
“a clear and present danger”:
Ibid., reel 40.
“a clear and present danger”:
Ibid., reel 40.
69
“I can say there will be a hot summer”: Congressional Record
111, pt. 10 (June 22, 1965): H 14002.
“I can say there will be a hot summer”: Congressional Record
111, pt. 10 (June 22, 1965): H 14002.
69
“They don’t arrest white people in Mississippi”:
Ibid., H 14003.
“They don’t arrest white people in Mississippi”:
Ibid., H 14003.
69
“I was”:
Ibid., H 14008.
“I was”:
Ibid., H 14008.
69
“incidents of brutality and terror”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
“incidents of brutality and terror”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
69
“nearly incredible that those people”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 239.
“nearly incredible that those people”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 239.
69
“Sojourner Motor Fleet”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 259.
“Sojourner Motor Fleet”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 259.
69
“We’re sitting this one out”:
Ibid., p. 249.
“We’re sitting this one out”:
Ibid., p. 249.
70
“danger to local Negroes”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
“danger to local Negroes”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
70
“more convinced than ever”:
Mary King,
Freedom Song: A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement
(New York: Quill/William Morrow & Co., 1987), pp. 226, 312.
“more convinced than ever”:
Mary King,
Freedom Song: A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement
(New York: Quill/William Morrow & Co., 1987), pp. 226, 312.
70
“lead people into the fire”:
Ibid., p. 313.
“lead people into the fire”:
Ibid., p. 313.
70
“No one can be rational about death”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
“No one can be rational about death”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
70
“is so deeply ingrained”:
King,
Freedom Song
, p. 318.
“is so deeply ingrained”:
King,
Freedom Song
, p. 318.
70
“When whites come into a project”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
“When whites come into a project”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
71
“to take the revolution one step further”:
Ibid.
“to take the revolution one step further”:
Ibid.
71
“We have a responsibility”:
King,
Freedom Song
, p. 319.
“We have a responsibility”:
King,
Freedom Song
, p. 319.
72
“It was so quick”:
Tillinghast, interview, November 28, 2007.
“It was so quick”:
Tillinghast, interview, November 28, 2007.
73
“I was petrified”:
Ibid.
“I was petrified”:
Ibid.
73
“rather get arrested in Greenville”:
Sugarman,
Stranger at the Gates
, p. 167.
“rather get arrested in Greenville”:
Sugarman,
Stranger at the Gates
, p. 167.
73
“Many Mississippi towns were predatory”:
Tillinghast, interview, November 28, 2007.
“Many Mississippi towns were predatory”:
Tillinghast, interview, November 28, 2007.
74
“Mississippi has a black and inky night”:
Ibid.
“Mississippi has a black and inky night”:
Ibid.
75
“said they knew nothing at all about the case”:
SNCC Papers, reel 39.
“said they knew nothing at all about the case”:
SNCC Papers, reel 39.
76
“Keep me informed of what happens”:
Ibid.
“Keep me informed of what happens”:
Ibid.
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