Freedom Summer (53 page)
102
“I would have gone anywhere”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
“I would have gone anywhere”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
102
“If someone in Nazi Germany”:
Paul Cowan,
The Making of an Un-American: A Dialogue with Experience
(New York: Viking, 1970), p. 29.
“If someone in Nazi Germany”:
Paul Cowan,
The Making of an Un-American: A Dialogue with Experience
(New York: Viking, 1970), p. 29.
102
“You’re killing your mother!”:
Heather Tobis Booth, personal interview, October 8, 2007.
“You’re killing your mother!”:
Heather Tobis Booth, personal interview, October 8, 2007.
103
“Be strong and of good courage”: New York Times
, June 29, 1964.
“Be strong and of good courage”: New York Times
, June 29, 1964.
103
“racial holocaust”: New York Times
, June 28, 1964.
“racial holocaust”: New York Times
, June 28, 1964.
104
“I don’t know what all the fuss is about”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 29.
“I don’t know what all the fuss is about”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 29.
“It Is Sure Enough Changing”
106
“History,” “Reference,” “Language,” “Crud”:
Sugarman,
Stranger at the Gates
, p. 108.
“History,” “Reference,” “Language,” “Crud”:
Sugarman,
Stranger at the Gates
, p. 108.
106
the Ruleville Freedom School was ready for classes:
Ibid., pp. 107-12.
the Ruleville Freedom School was ready for classes:
Ibid., pp. 107-12.
106
looked “exactly” like Schwerner: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, July 1, 1964.
looked “exactly” like Schwerner: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, July 1, 1964.
106
“dirty looks”: Meridian Star
, June 30, 1964.
“dirty looks”: Meridian Star
, June 30, 1964.
106
“running down all leads on the cranks”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 438.
“running down all leads on the cranks”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 438.
107
“let off it”:
MIBURN 3-96.
“let off it”:
MIBURN 3-96.
107
“Negro boy”:
MIBURN 3-93.
“Negro boy”:
MIBURN 3-93.
107
“got what was coming to them”:
MIBURN, 8-75.
“got what was coming to them”:
MIBURN, 8-75.
107
“You a damn liar”: New York Times
, June 28, 1964.
“You a damn liar”: New York Times
, June 28, 1964.
108
“You dig into yourself ”:
Moses and Cobb,
Radical Equations
, p. 59.
“You dig into yourself ”:
Moses and Cobb,
Radical Equations
, p. 59.
108
“While professing to believe in ‘equality’ ”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 23, 1964.
“While professing to believe in ‘equality’ ”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 23, 1964.
108
“I find more resentment”: Christian Science Monitor
, June 30, 1964.
“I find more resentment”: Christian Science Monitor
, June 30, 1964.
108
“It’s the best thing that’s happened”:
John Hersey, “A Life for a Vote,”
Saturday Evening Post,
September 26, 1964; reprinted in Library of America,
Reporting Civil Rights
, p. 223.
“It’s the best thing that’s happened”:
John Hersey, “A Life for a Vote,”
Saturday Evening Post,
September 26, 1964; reprinted in Library of America,
Reporting Civil Rights
, p. 223.
109
“as if I was some strange god”:
Coles,
Farewell to the South,
pp. 250-51.
“as if I was some strange god”:
Coles,
Farewell to the South,
pp. 250-51.
109
“Now it wasn’t just these ‘Negroes’ ”:
Fred Bright Winn, personal interview, November 13, 2007.
“Now it wasn’t just these ‘Negroes’ ”:
Fred Bright Winn, personal interview, November 13, 2007.
109
“We Shall Overcome”:
Fred Bright Winn, correspondence, June 15, 1964.
“We Shall Overcome”:
Fred Bright Winn, correspondence, June 15, 1964.
110
“My spirit lives on”:
Ibid.
“My spirit lives on”:
Ibid.
110
“a young twenty-year-old”:
Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
“a young twenty-year-old”:
Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
110
“broke the ice”:
Ibid.
“broke the ice”:
Ibid.
110
“There were people in Mississippi”:
Ibid.
“There were people in Mississippi”:
Ibid.
110
“If the Klan gets a hold of you”:
Ibid.
“If the Klan gets a hold of you”:
Ibid.
111
“scarier than shit”:
Ibid.
“scarier than shit”:
Ibid.
111
“It’s like eating sandpaper slugs”:
Ibid.
“It’s like eating sandpaper slugs”:
Ibid.
111
“Dad, I hope you realize”:
Winn, correspondence, June 1964.
“Dad, I hope you realize”:
Winn, correspondence, June 1964.
111
“I’m sorry, Mr. President”:
Greenburg,
Circle of Trust
, p. 191.
“I’m sorry, Mr. President”:
Greenburg,
Circle of Trust
, p. 191.
112
“June 30—Page 7 Holly Springs”:
WATS Line, June 30, 1964.
“June 30—Page 7 Holly Springs”:
WATS Line, June 30, 1964.
113
“You Are in Occupied Mississippi”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 52.
“You Are in Occupied Mississippi”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 52.
113
“Violence hangs overhead like dead air”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 168.
“Violence hangs overhead like dead air”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 168.
113
“to walk along the street”:
Rims Barber, Oral History, USM.
“to walk along the street”:
Rims Barber, Oral History, USM.
113
“You’re both purty gals”:
Lake, “Last Summer in Mississippi,” p. 243; and Ellen Lake Papers, SHSW.
“You’re both purty gals”:
Lake, “Last Summer in Mississippi,” p. 243; and Ellen Lake Papers, SHSW.
113
“Which one of them coons”:
Wesley C. Hogan,
Many Minds, One Heart: SNCC’s Dream for a New America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), p. 164.
“Which one of them coons”:
Wesley C. Hogan,
Many Minds, One Heart: SNCC’s Dream for a New America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), p. 164.
113
“broke bread with”:
Hodding Carter III, e-mail interview, September 26, 2008.
“broke bread with”:
Hodding Carter III, e-mail interview, September 26, 2008.
114
“I was adamantly against”:
Ibid.
“I was adamantly against”:
Ibid.
114
“race mixing invaders”: Greenwood Commonwealth
, June 30, 1964.
“race mixing invaders”: Greenwood Commonwealth
, June 30, 1964.
114
“leftist hep cat students”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 29, 1964.
“leftist hep cat students”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, June 29, 1964.
114
“nutniks”: Carthage Carthaginian
, July 2, 1964.
“nutniks”: Carthage Carthaginian
, July 2, 1964.
114
“unshaven and unwashed trash”:
David R. Davies, ed.,
The Press and Race: Mississippi Journalists Confront the Movement
(Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2001), p. 45; and Katagiri,
Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission,
p. 163.
114
“thirty college students”: Lexington Advertiser
, July 2, 1964.
“unshaven and unwashed trash”:
David R. Davies, ed.,
The Press and Race: Mississippi Journalists Confront the Movement
(Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2001), p. 45; and Katagiri,
Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission,
p. 163.
114
“thirty college students”: Lexington Advertiser
, July 2, 1964.
114
“doing irreparable damage”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, July 1, 1964.
“doing irreparable damage”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, July 1, 1964.
114
“reckless walking”:
Martinez
, Letters from Mississippi,
p. 147.
“reckless walking”:
Martinez
, Letters from Mississippi,
p. 147.
115
“Nobody Would Dare Bomb”: New York Times Sunday Magazine
, July 5, 1964, p. 6.
“Nobody Would Dare Bomb”: New York Times Sunday Magazine
, July 5, 1964, p. 6.
116
“Know all roads”:
SNCC Papers, reel 40.
“Know all roads”:
SNCC Papers, reel 40.
116
“surviving and just walking around”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, pp. 239-40.
“surviving and just walking around”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, pp. 239-40.
116
“The whole scene”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 55.
“The whole scene”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 55.
116
“I just can’t get my mind on all that”:
“Mississippi—Summer of 1964: Troubled State, Troubled Time,”
Newsweek,
July 13, 1964, p. 18.
“I just can’t get my mind on all that”:
“Mississippi—Summer of 1964: Troubled State, Troubled Time,”
Newsweek,
July 13, 1964, p. 18.
116
“I don’t want to mess with that mess”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 50.
“I don’t want to mess with that mess”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 50.
116
“I can’t sign no paper”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 69.
“I can’t sign no paper”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 69.
117
“Did that nigger invite you in here?”:
Jay Shetterly and Geoff Cowan, personal interview, January 15, 2008; and “Mississippi—Summer of 1964,” 19.
“Did that nigger invite you in here?”:
Jay Shetterly and Geoff Cowan, personal interview, January 15, 2008; and “Mississippi—Summer of 1964,” 19.
117
“a somewhat neurotic redhead”:
Williams, journal.
“a somewhat neurotic redhead”:
Williams, journal.
117
“Goddamn motherfucker, pissed me right off!”:
Claire O’Connor, personal interview, January 5, 2008.
“Goddamn motherfucker, pissed me right off!”:
Claire O’Connor, personal interview, January 5, 2008.
117
“kind of goofy”:
Ibid.
“kind of goofy”:
Ibid.
118
“our great leader”:
Williams, journal.
“our great leader”:
Williams, journal.
119
“agitators . . . come to Mississippi”:
Ibid.
“agitators . . . come to Mississippi”:
Ibid.
119
“He said they ought to send me home”:
Williams, correspondence.
“He said they ought to send me home”:
Williams, correspondence.
119
“I have developed a real taste”:
Ibid.
“I have developed a real taste”:
Ibid.
119
“hard on the Negroes”:
Mars,
Witness in Philadelphia
, p. 76.
“hard on the Negroes”:
Mars,
Witness in Philadelphia
, p. 76.
119
“Nigger, do you know”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 255.
“Nigger, do you know”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 255.
120
“I have no proof”:
Ibid., p. 340.
“I have no proof”:
Ibid., p. 340.
120
“Now come on sheriff”:
MDAH SCR ID# 1-8-0-18-2-1-1.
“Now come on sheriff”:
MDAH SCR ID# 1-8-0-18-2-1-1.
120
“number one suspect”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, December 3, 2007, p. 4A.
“number one suspect”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, December 3, 2007, p. 4A.
121
“Now if I were a teacher”:
James Baldwin, “A Talk to Teachers,” in
Critical Issues in Education,
ed. Eugene F. Provenzo (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2006), p. 203.
“Now if I were a teacher”:
James Baldwin, “A Talk to Teachers,” in
Critical Issues in Education,
ed. Eugene F. Provenzo (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2006), p. 203.
121
“nigger food”:
SNCC Papers, reel 39.
“nigger food”:
SNCC Papers, reel 39.
121
“leaders of tomorrow”: New York Times,
July 3, 1964.
“leaders of tomorrow”: New York Times,
July 3, 1964.
121
“close the springs of racial poison”: Los Angeles Times
, July 5, 1964.
“close the springs of racial poison”: Los Angeles Times
, July 5, 1964.
121
“time of testing”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 450.
“time of testing”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 450.
122
“tear gas pen guns”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, July 2, 1964, SNCC Papers, reel 39.
“tear gas pen guns”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, July 2, 1964, SNCC Papers, reel 39.
122
“civil strife and chaotic conditions”: New York Times
, June 22, 1964.
“civil strife and chaotic conditions”: New York Times
, June 22, 1964.
122
“People here in Clarksdale”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 70.
“People here in Clarksdale”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 70.
122
“Ah’m going swimmin’ ”:
Ibid., pp. 71-72.
“Ah’m going swimmin’ ”:
Ibid., pp. 71-72.
122
“Judas niggers”:
Huie,
Three Lives
, p. 69.
“Judas niggers”:
Huie,
Three Lives
, p. 69.
123
“What have I done in my life?”:
Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
“What have I done in my life?”:
Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
123
“troublemakers” and “uppity niggers”:
Holland,
From the Mississippi Delta
, p. 203.
“troublemakers” and “uppity niggers”:
Holland,
From the Mississippi Delta
, p. 203.
123
“I kinda figured”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, p. 234.
“I kinda figured”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, p. 234.
124
“in case of emergency”:
Sugarman,
Stranger at the Gates
, p. 75.
“in case of emergency”:
Sugarman,
Stranger at the Gates
, p. 75.
124
“When I raised my hand”:
Sandra E. Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 15.
“When I raised my hand”:
Sandra E. Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 15.
125
“scrapping” cotton shreds: New York Times
, August 24, 1964.
“scrapping” cotton shreds: New York Times
, August 24, 1964.
125
“a knot on my stomach”:
Kay Mills,
This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer
(New York: Penguin Books, 1993), p. 21.
“a knot on my stomach”:
Kay Mills,
This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer
(New York: Penguin Books, 1993), p. 21.
125
“Had it up as high”:
Fannie Lou Hamer, “To Praise Our Bridges,” in Abbott,
Mississippi Writers
, p. 324.
“Had it up as high”:
Fannie Lou Hamer, “To Praise Our Bridges,” in Abbott,
Mississippi Writers
, p. 324.
125
“I knowed as much about a facto law”:
Mills,
This Little Light
, p. 37.
“I knowed as much about a facto law”:
Mills,
This Little Light
, p. 37.
125
“boss man” was “raisin’ Cain”:
Charles Marsh,
God’s Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 15.
“boss man” was “raisin’ Cain”:
Charles Marsh,
God’s Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 15.
125
“we’re not ready for that in Mississippi” and “I didn’t try to register for you”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, p. 251.
“we’re not ready for that in Mississippi” and “I didn’t try to register for you”:
Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, p. 251.
125
“a Snicker”:
Unita Blackwell,
Barefootin’: Life Lessons from the Road to Freedom
, with JoAnne Prichard Moore (New York: Crown, 2006), p. 83.
“a Snicker”:
Unita Blackwell,
Barefootin’: Life Lessons from the Road to Freedom
, with JoAnne Prichard Moore (New York: Crown, 2006), p. 83.
125
“She was SNCC itself”:
James Forman,
The Making of Black Revolutionaries
(Washington, D.C.: Open Hand, 1985), p. 385.
“She was SNCC itself”:
James Forman,
The Making of Black Revolutionaries
(Washington, D.C.: Open Hand, 1985), p. 385.
125
“The only thing they could do”:
Hamer, “To Praise Our Bridges,” p. 324.
“The only thing they could do”:
Hamer, “To Praise Our Bridges,” p. 324.
126
“The white man’s afraid”:
Silver,
Mississippi
, pp. 341-42.
“The white man’s afraid”:
Silver,
Mississippi
, pp. 341-42.
126
“I feel like a man”:
Sugarman,
Stranger at the Gates
, p. 116.
“I feel like a man”:
Sugarman,
Stranger at the Gates
, p. 116.
126
“and more and more and more”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 72
.
“and more and more and more”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 72
.
126
“These young white folks”:
Ibid.
“These young white folks”:
Ibid.
126
“Can I speak to Andy Goodman?”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 64.
“Can I speak to Andy Goodman?”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 64.
127
“Just wanted to know”:
WATS Line, July 5, 1964.
“Just wanted to know”:
WATS Line, July 5, 1964.
127
“Today would be a good day for prayer”: Delta Democrat-Times
, June 24, 1964.
“Today would be a good day for prayer”: Delta Democrat-Times
, June 24, 1964.
127
“It may well be a lesson”:
Ibid.
“It may well be a lesson”:
Ibid.
127
“a lotta weight”:
Tillinghast, interview, November 28, 2007.
“a lotta weight”:
Tillinghast, interview, November 28, 2007.
127
“an epiphany”:
Ibid.
“an epiphany”:
Ibid.
128
“The food was good”: New York Times
, July 6, 1964.
“The food was good”: New York Times
, July 6, 1964.
128
“We are just going to abide”:
Ibid.
“We are just going to abide”:
Ibid.
“The Scars of the System”
129
“Tonight the sickness struck”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 137.
“Tonight the sickness struck”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 137.
129
“What will it take”:
Ibid., p. 138.
“What will it take”:
Ibid., p. 138.
129
“lying on the ground”:
Ibid., p. 137.
“lying on the ground”:
Ibid., p. 137.
130
“Closed in Despair”:
“Civil Rights: And the Walls Came Tumbling Down,”
Time
, July 17, 1974, p. 25.
“Closed in Despair”:
“Civil Rights: And the Walls Came Tumbling Down,”
Time
, July 17, 1974, p. 25.
130
“I’m free!”: Los Angeles Times
, July 16, 1964.
“I’m free!”: Los Angeles Times
, July 16, 1964.
130
“unless these people get out”: New York Times,
July 5, 1964.
“unless these people get out”: New York Times,
July 5, 1964.
131
she had to say, “Nothing”:
Fran O’Brien, personal interview, November 12, 2007.
she had to say, “Nothing”:
Fran O’Brien, personal interview, November 12, 2007.
131
“I hope you’re not
too
upset”:
Fran O’Brien, correspondence, May 27, 1964.
“I hope you’re not
too
upset”:
Fran O’Brien, correspondence, May 27, 1964.
131
“Are you sure”:
Ibid.
“Are you sure”:
Ibid.
131
“clearly understood”:
O’Brien, correspondence, May 27, 1964.
“clearly understood”:
O’Brien, correspondence, May 27, 1964.
132
“it occurred to me”:
O’Brien, interview, November 12, 2007.
“it occurred to me”:
O’Brien, interview, November 12, 2007.
132
“It was just the way she’d grown up”:
Ibid.
“It was just the way she’d grown up”:
Ibid.
132
“He’s signing!”:
Ibid.
“He’s signing!”:
Ibid.
133
“Please try not to worry”:
O’Brien, correspondence, July 6, 1964.
“Please try not to worry”:
O’Brien, correspondence, July 6, 1964.
133
“which will help you discover”:
Goodman Papers, SHSW.
“which will help you discover”:
Goodman Papers, SHSW.
133
“I think Andrew Goodman is a heroe”:
Ibid.
“I think Andrew Goodman is a heroe”:
Ibid.
133
“Who are these fiends”:
Goodman, “My Son Didn’t Die,” p. 158.
“Who are these fiends”:
Goodman, “My Son Didn’t Die,” p. 158.
134
“no evidence of human remains”:
MIBURN 6-78.
“no evidence of human remains”:
MIBURN 6-78.
135
“share the terror”: New York Times
, July 6, 1964.
“share the terror”: New York Times
, July 6, 1964.
135
“Morale is building”:
WATS Line, July 7, 1964.
“Morale is building”:
WATS Line, July 7, 1964.
136
“See that”:
Curtis (Hayes) Muhammad, personal interview, August 29, 2008.
“See that”:
Curtis (Hayes) Muhammad, personal interview, August 29, 2008.
136
“Bomb was placed”:
WATS Line, July 8, 1964.
“Bomb was placed”:
WATS Line, July 8, 1964.
136
“Non-Violent High”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 113.
“Non-Violent High”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 113.
137
“This is the situation”:
Charlie Cobb, “Organizing Freedom Schools,” in Erenrich,
Freedom Is a Constant Struggle
, p. 136.
“This is the situation”:
Charlie Cobb, “Organizing Freedom Schools,” in Erenrich,
Freedom Is a Constant Struggle
, p. 136.
138
“be creative”:
“A Note to the Teacher, undated,” Michael J. Miller Civil Rights Collection, Historical Manuscripts and Photographs, USM.
“be creative”:
“A Note to the Teacher, undated,” Michael J. Miller Civil Rights Collection, Historical Manuscripts and Photographs, USM.
138
do “The Monkey”:
Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
, p. 112.
do “The Monkey”:
Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
, p. 112.
139
“What do white people have”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 111.
“What do white people have”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 111.
139
“If reading levels”:
Ibid., p. 113.
“If reading levels”:
Ibid., p. 113.
139
“the link between a rotting shack”:
SNCC Papers, reel 39.
“the link between a rotting shack”:
SNCC Papers, reel 39.
139
Dear Mom and Dad:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 108.
Dear Mom and Dad:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 108.
140
“Eighty-two”:
Ibid., p. 106.
“Eighty-two”:
Ibid., p. 106.
140
“Where do roads come from?”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire,
p. 393.
“Where do roads come from?”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire,
p. 393.
140
“Ummm . . . Jackson?”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 106.
“Ummm . . . Jackson?”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 106.
140
“I think I am rapid”:
Ibid., p. 119.
“I think I am rapid”:
Ibid., p. 119.
141
“I kept thinking”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
“I kept thinking”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
141
“Our school was by any definition”:
Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
, p. 4.
“Our school was by any definition”:
Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
, p. 4.
141
“Looks like termites to me”:
Von Hoffman,
Mississippi Notebook
, p. 35.
“Looks like termites to me”:
Von Hoffman,
Mississippi Notebook
, p. 35.
141
“Razorback Klan” and “like wildfire”: Los Angeles Times
, July 5, 1964.
“Razorback Klan” and “like wildfire”: Los Angeles Times
, July 5, 1964.
142
“Sovereign Realm of Mississippi”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 246.
“Sovereign Realm of Mississippi”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 246.
142
“We are now in the midst”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, pp. 104-5.
“We are now in the midst”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, pp. 104-5.
142
“the goon squad”:
Mars,
Witness in Philadelphia
, p. 101.
“the goon squad”:
Mars,
Witness in Philadelphia
, p. 101.
143
“burning and dynamiting”:
Huie,
Three Lives
, pp. 105-6.
“burning and dynamiting”:
Huie,
Three Lives
, pp. 105-6.
143
“extermination”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 217.
“extermination”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 217.
143
“The typical Mississippi redneck”:
Wyn Craig Wade,
The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America
(New York: Oxford University Press USA, 1998), p. 334.
“The typical Mississippi redneck”:
Wyn Craig Wade,
The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America
(New York: Oxford University Press USA, 1998), p. 334.
143
“Sovereign Realm”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid,
p. 246.
“Sovereign Realm”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid,
p. 246.
143
“The purpose and function”:
Mars,
Witness in Philadelphia,
p. xvii.
“The purpose and function”:
Mars,
Witness in Philadelphia,
p. xvii.
144
“our Satanic enemies”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 104.
“our Satanic enemies”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 104.
144
“Some forty instances”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 238.
“Some forty instances”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 238.
144
“I think you ought to put fifty”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 450.
“I think you ought to put fifty”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 450.
144
“to identify and interview”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 91.
“to identify and interview”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 91.
144
“Neshoba Arrests Believed Imminent”: Meridian Star
, July 10, 1964.
“Neshoba Arrests Believed Imminent”: Meridian Star
, July 10, 1964.
144
“whose neighbors were friendly with who”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger,
June 12, 2005.
“whose neighbors were friendly with who”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger,
June 12, 2005.
145
“just going through the motions”: New York Times
, July 11, 1964.
“just going through the motions”: New York Times
, July 11, 1964.
145
“We haven’t even started leaning”:
“Mississippi—Summer of 1964: Troubled State, Troubled Time,”
Newsweek,
July 13, 1964, p. 20.
“We haven’t even started leaning”:
“Mississippi—Summer of 1964: Troubled State, Troubled Time,”
Newsweek,
July 13, 1964, p. 20.
145
“This is truly a great day!”
Branch
, Pillar of Fire,
p. 398
.
“This is truly a great day!”
Branch
, Pillar of Fire,
p. 398
.
145
“Teeny Weeny”:
Ibid., p. 393.
“Teeny Weeny”:
Ibid., p. 393.
145
“This Mississippi thing”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 444.
“This Mississippi thing”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 444.
145
“I don’t close it”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 96.
“I don’t close it”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 96.
145
“We most certainly do not”: New York Times
, July 11, 1964.
“We most certainly do not”: New York Times
, July 11, 1964.
145
“calculated insult”: Los Angeles Times
, July 11, 1964.
“calculated insult”: Los Angeles Times
, July 11, 1964.
146
“whup” the first “white niggers”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, pp. 140-42.
“whup” the first “white niggers”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, pp. 140-42.
146
“Eat this shit”:
WATS Line, July 10, 1964.
“Eat this shit”:
WATS Line, July 10, 1964.
146
“deep sorrow for Mississippi”: Los Angeles Times
, July 12, 1964.
“deep sorrow for Mississippi”: Los Angeles Times
, July 12, 1964.
146
“mutilated and scattered”:
WATS Line, July 12, 1964.
“mutilated and scattered”:
WATS Line, July 12, 1964.
147
“Mississippi is the only state”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 97.
“Mississippi is the only state”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 97.
147
“We did not flee Hitler”: New York Times
, July 11, 1964.
“We did not flee Hitler”: New York Times
, July 11, 1964.
147
“tanks, guns, and troop carriers”:
SNCC Papers, reel 39
.
“tanks, guns, and troop carriers”:
SNCC Papers, reel 39
.
147
“before a tragic incident”:
Hodes Papers, SHSW.
“before a tragic incident”:
Hodes Papers, SHSW.
148
“Sometimes when I lie awake”: Boston Globe
, July 4, 1964.
“Sometimes when I lie awake”: Boston Globe
, July 4, 1964.
148
“except protect them somehow”: Los Angeles Times
, July 19, 1964.
“except protect them somehow”: Los Angeles Times
, July 19, 1964.
148
“Trussed Body Discovered”: Los Angeles Times
, July 13, 1964.
“Trussed Body Discovered”: Los Angeles Times
, July 13, 1964.
149
“I’m hot, I’m miserable”: Los Angeles Times,
July 19, 1964.
“I’m hot, I’m miserable”: Los Angeles Times,
July 19, 1964.
149
“Where is the USA?”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 165.
“Where is the USA?”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 165.
149
“decent middle-class”:
Ibid., p. 288-89.
“decent middle-class”:
Ibid., p. 288-89.
149
“running my rear end off”:
Winn, correspondence, mid-July 1964.
“running my rear end off”:
Winn, correspondence, mid-July 1964.
150
“Dad,” Fred wrote home:
Winn, correspondence, July 14, 1964.
“Dad,” Fred wrote home:
Winn, correspondence, July 14, 1964.
150
“dirty” and “unclean”: New York Times
, July 17, 1964.
“dirty” and “unclean”: New York Times
, July 17, 1964.
150
“What happened in Neshoba”:
Charlie Capps Jr., personal interview, September 11, 2008.
“What happened in Neshoba”:
Charlie Capps Jr., personal interview, September 11, 2008.
150
“We were a small town”:
Ibid.
“We were a small town”:
Ibid.
150
“to keep a lid on things”:
Fred Bright Winn, e-mail, May 26, 2008.
“to keep a lid on things”:
Fred Bright Winn, e-mail, May 26, 2008.
151
“I was and am furious”:
Winn, correspondence, July 14, 1964.
“I was and am furious”:
Winn, correspondence, July 14, 1964.
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