Freedom Summer (56 page)
CHAPTER TEN:
“The Stuff Democracy Is Made Of”
CHAPTER ELEVEN:
“Give unto Them Beauty for Ashes”
“The Stuff Democracy Is Made Of”
238
“They start anything”:
Blackwell,
Barefootin’
, p. 108.
“They start anything”:
Blackwell,
Barefootin’
, p. 108.
238
“You better put your feet on the gas”:
Ibid.
“You better put your feet on the gas”:
Ibid.
238
“Negroes carefully picked”:
MDAH SCR ID # 9-32-0-6-2-1-1.
“Negroes carefully picked”:
MDAH SCR ID # 9-32-0-6-2-1-1.
238
“We can’t open the door!”
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Papers (hereafter MFDP Papers), SHSW.
“We can’t open the door!”
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Papers (hereafter MFDP Papers), SHSW.
239
“assemblage of people”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
“assemblage of people”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
239
“Until the killing of black mothers’ sons”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 391.
“Until the killing of black mothers’ sons”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 391.
239
“the stuff democracy is made of”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, pp. 250-51.
“the stuff democracy is made of”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, pp. 250-51.
240
“coronation”: New York Times
, August 25, 1964.
“coronation”: New York Times
, August 25, 1964.
241
“alien philosophy”: New York Times
, August 22, 1964.
“alien philosophy”: New York Times
, August 22, 1964.
241
“If you seat those black buggers”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 290.
“If you seat those black buggers”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 290.
241
“If our case is fully heard”:
SNCC Papers, Reel 41.
“If our case is fully heard”:
SNCC Papers, Reel 41.
241
“go fishing on Election Day”: Washington Post,
August 22, 1964.
“go fishing on Election Day”: Washington Post,
August 22, 1964.
241
“definite supporter”:
MFDP Papers, SHSW.
“definite supporter”:
MFDP Papers, SHSW.
241
“Who is YOUR sheriff?”:
Ibid.
“Who is YOUR sheriff?”:
Ibid.
242
“eleven and eight”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 279.
“eleven and eight”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 279.
242
“And who are we?”:
MFDP Papers, SHSW.
“And who are we?”:
MFDP Papers, SHSW.
243
“I was just talking to Joe Rauh”:
Carmichael,
Ready for Revolution
, p. 403.
“I was just talking to Joe Rauh”:
Carmichael,
Ready for Revolution
, p. 403.
243
“move heaven and earth”: Los Angeles Times
, August 7, 1964.
“move heaven and earth”: Los Angeles Times
, August 7, 1964.
243
“They’ve screwed you, Joe!”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 457.
“They’ve screwed you, Joe!”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 457.
243
“only an hour”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 389.
“only an hour”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 389.
243
“white power structure”: Washington Post
, August 23, 1964.
“white power structure”: Washington Post
, August 23, 1964.
243
“I have been imprisoned”:
Ibid.; and Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 415.
“I have been imprisoned”:
Ibid.; and Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 415.
244
“Girl, you reckon I ought to tell it?”:
Blackwell,
Barefootin’
, p. 111.
“Girl, you reckon I ought to tell it?”:
Blackwell,
Barefootin’
, p. 111.
244
“Mister Chairman”:
Fannie Lou Hamer, testimony before the Democratic National Convention, American Radio Works Web site,
http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/sayitplain/flhamer.html
.
“Mister Chairman”:
Fannie Lou Hamer, testimony before the Democratic National Convention, American Radio Works Web site,
http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/sayitplain/flhamer.html
.
244
“There’s Fannie Lou!”:
Len Edwards, personal interview, October 29, 2008.
“There’s Fannie Lou!”:
Len Edwards, personal interview, October 29, 2008.
244
“We’re gonna get the job done tonight”:
WATS Line, August 20, 1964.
“We’re gonna get the job done tonight”:
WATS Line, August 20, 1964.
245
“Your time is short!”:
Ibid.
“Your time is short!”:
Ibid.
245
“every nigger in town”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 163.
“every nigger in town”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 163.
245
“comedy of terrors”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 383.
“comedy of terrors”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 383.
245
“If you people leave us”:
WATS Line, August 20, 1964.
“If you people leave us”:
WATS Line, August 20, 1964.
245
“I can simply no longer justify”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 265.
“I can simply no longer justify”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 265.
245
“I wasn’t going to stay”:
Winn, correspondence, September 1, 1964.
“I wasn’t going to stay”:
Winn, correspondence, September 1, 1964.
246
“Standard Operating Procedure”:
Ibid., August 14, 1964.
“Standard Operating Procedure”:
Ibid., August 14, 1964.
246
“COME ONE, COME ALL”:
Jerry Tecklin Papers, SHSW.
“COME ONE, COME ALL”:
Jerry Tecklin Papers, SHSW.
247
“What’s this all about?”:
Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
“What’s this all about?”:
Winn, interview, November 13, 2007.
247
“We all knew”:
Ibid.
“We all knew”:
Ibid.
247
“I didn’t try to register for you”:
Hamer, testimony.
“I didn’t try to register for you”:
Hamer, testimony.
247
“On the tenth of September 1962”:
Ibid.
“On the tenth of September 1962”:
Ibid.
247
“We will return to this scene”:
Hampton, “Mississippi—Is This America?”
“We will return to this scene”:
Hampton, “Mississippi—Is This America?”
247
“On this day nine months ago”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 460.
“On this day nine months ago”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 460.
248
“ for it is in these saints”:
Ibid.
“ for it is in these saints”:
Ibid.
248
“power-hungry soreheads,” their “rump group”:
Murray Kempton, “Conscience of a Convention,”
New Republic
, September 5, 1964, p. 6.
“power-hungry soreheads,” their “rump group”:
Murray Kempton, “Conscience of a Convention,”
New Republic
, September 5, 1964, p. 6.
248
“vote for the power structure”:
Erenrich,
Freedom Is a Constant Struggle
, p. 312.
“vote for the power structure”:
Erenrich,
Freedom Is a Constant Struggle
, p. 312.
248
“I was carried to the county jail”:
Hamer, testimony.
“I was carried to the county jail”:
Hamer, testimony.
248
“And he said, ‘We’re going to make you wish’ ”:
Ibid.
“And he said, ‘We’re going to make you wish’ ”:
Ibid.
249
“And I was beat by the first Negro”:
Ibid.
“And I was beat by the first Negro”:
Ibid.
249
“All of this is on account of”:
Ibid.
“All of this is on account of”:
Ibid.
249
“I don’t think that if this issue”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
“I don’t think that if this issue”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
250
“honored guests”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 201.
“honored guests”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 201.
250
“back of the bus”: Los Angeles Times
, August 24, 1964.
“back of the bus”: Los Angeles Times
, August 24, 1964.
250
“because he was on our side”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 289.
“because he was on our side”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 289.
250
“Tell Rauh if he plans”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 208.
“Tell Rauh if he plans”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 208.
251
“way out of line”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 461.
“way out of line”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 461.
251
“SUPPORT THE FREEDOM DEMOCRATS”: Christian Science Monitor
, August 26, 1964.
“SUPPORT THE FREEDOM DEMOCRATS”: Christian Science Monitor
, August 26, 1964.
251
“1964, NOT 1864” and “STOP HYPOCRISY, START DEMOCRACY”: Los Angeles Times,
August 26, 1964.
“1964, NOT 1864” and “STOP HYPOCRISY, START DEMOCRACY”: Los Angeles Times,
August 26, 1964.
252
“Mississippi Terror Truck”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
“Mississippi Terror Truck”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
252
“Don’t you understand?”: Los Angeles Times
, August 26, 1964.
“Don’t you understand?”: Los Angeles Times
, August 26, 1964.
252
“Alabama’s done gone”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 523.
“Alabama’s done gone”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 523.
252
“Atlantic City’s White House”: Washington Post
, August 25, 1964.
“Atlantic City’s White House”: Washington Post
, August 25, 1964.
252
“You better talk to Hubert Humphrey”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 200.
“You better talk to Hubert Humphrey”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 200.
253
“ for Negroes to speak for Negroes”:
Ibid., p. 211.
“ for Negroes to speak for Negroes”:
Ibid., p. 211.
253
“Then democracy is not real”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 211.
“Then democracy is not real”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 211.
253
“The time has arrived”:
Joshua Zeitz, “Democratic Debacle,”
American Heritage
, June/July 2004, online edition.
“The time has arrived”:
Joshua Zeitz, “Democratic Debacle,”
American Heritage
, June/July 2004, online edition.
253
“Senator Humphrey,” she began:
Chana Kai Lee,
For Freedom’s Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), p. 93; and Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters
, p. 320.
“Senator Humphrey,” she began:
Chana Kai Lee,
For Freedom’s Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), p. 93; and Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters
, p. 320.
253
“We can win on the floor”: New York Times
, August 25, p. 23.
“We can win on the floor”: New York Times
, August 25, p. 23.
253
“listened patiently . . . argued fervently”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 211.
“listened patiently . . . argued fervently”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 211.
253
“that the Negroes have taken over”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 527.
“that the Negroes have taken over”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 527.
254
“The Freedom Party,” Johnson told a friend:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 213.
“The Freedom Party,” Johnson told a friend:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 213.
254
“an excuse to say I turned”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 525.
“an excuse to say I turned”:
Beschloss,
Taking Charge
, p. 525.
254
“Bobby’s trap”:
Ibid., p. 525.
“Bobby’s trap”:
Ibid., p. 525.
254
“The times require leadership”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire,
p. 468n.
“The times require leadership”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire,
p. 468n.
254
“This would throw the nation”:
Ibid., p. 468.
“This would throw the nation”:
Ibid., p. 468.
254
“These people went in and begged”:
Ibid., p. 471.
“These people went in and begged”:
Ibid., p. 471.
254
“But we’re going to ignore that”:
Robert David Johnson,
All the Way with LBJ: The 1964 Presidential Election
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 186.
“But we’re going to ignore that”:
Robert David Johnson,
All the Way with LBJ: The 1964 Presidential Election
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 186.
254
“take a tranquilizer”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, pp. 212-13.
“take a tranquilizer”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, pp. 212-13.
254
“a wholesale walkout”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 471.
“a wholesale walkout”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 471.
254
“It looks like we’re turning the Democratic party”:
Ibid.
“It looks like we’re turning the Democratic party”:
Ibid.
255
“By God, I’m going to go up there”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire,
p. 473.
“By God, I’m going to go up there”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire,
p. 473.
254
“Beloved,” she began:
Lady Bird Johnson,
A White House Diary
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. 192.
“Beloved,” she began:
Lady Bird Johnson,
A White House Diary
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. 192.
255
“Is the Credentials Committee meeting”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 239.
“Is the Credentials Committee meeting”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 239.
255
“a tremendous victory”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 215.
“a tremendous victory”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 215.
255
“Your funding is on the line”:
Ibid.
“Your funding is on the line”:
Ibid.
256
“The President has said”:
Ibid., p. 216.
“The President has said”:
Ibid., p. 216.
256
“wrung out the blood”:
Jack Newfield,
A Prophetic Minority
(New York: New American Library, 1966), p. 76.
“wrung out the blood”:
Jack Newfield,
A Prophetic Minority
(New York: New American Library, 1966), p. 76.
256
“if they really understand”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
“if they really understand”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
256
“You cheated!”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 216.
“You cheated!”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 216.
256
“Atlantic City was a powerful lesson”:
Forman,
Making of Black Revolutionaries
, pp. 395-96.
“Atlantic City was a powerful lesson”:
Forman,
Making of Black Revolutionaries
, pp. 395-96.
256
“The kids tried the established methods”:
Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters
, p. 325.
“The kids tried the established methods”:
Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters
, p. 325.
257
“Stokely,” Hartman Turnbow asked:
Carmichael,
Ready for Revolution
, p. 408.
“Stokely,” Hartman Turnbow asked:
Carmichael,
Ready for Revolution
, p. 408.
257
“they can use the info”:
WATS Line, August 25, 1964.
“they can use the info”:
WATS Line, August 25, 1964.
257
“cowhided and horsewhipped”: New York Times
, August 27, 1964.
“cowhided and horsewhipped”: New York Times
, August 27, 1964.
257
“cheap, degrading insults”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, August 27, 1964.
“cheap, degrading insults”: Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, August 27, 1964.
257
“that debt is paid in full”: Chicago Tribune
, August 26, 1964.
“that debt is paid in full”: Chicago Tribune
, August 26, 1964.
258
“like Mata Hari and the French Resistance”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 256.
“like Mata Hari and the French Resistance”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 256.
258
“All we want”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
“All we want”:
Mulford and Field,
Freedom on My Mind
.
258
“We’ve shed too much blood”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 281.
“We’ve shed too much blood”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 281.
258
“We didn’t come all this way”:
Blackwell,
Barefootin’
, p. 115.
“We didn’t come all this way”:
Blackwell,
Barefootin’
, p. 115.
258
“You have made your point”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 221.
“You have made your point”:
Kotz,
Judgment Days
, p. 221.
258
“Being a Negro leader”:
Ibid.
“Being a Negro leader”:
Ibid.
258
“Socrates or Aristotle”:
Burner,
And Gently He Shall Lead Them
, p. 187.
“Socrates or Aristotle”:
Burner,
And Gently He Shall Lead Them
, p. 187.
258
“We’re not here to bring politics into our morality”:
Ibid.
“We’re not here to bring politics into our morality”:
Ibid.
259
“When they got through talking”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 301.
“When they got through talking”:
Dittmer,
Local People
, p. 301.
259
“a significant moral and political victory”: Los Angeles Times
, August 27, 1964.
“a significant moral and political victory”: Los Angeles Times
, August 27, 1964.
259
“a triumph of Moral force”: New York Times
, August 27, 1964.
“a triumph of Moral force”: New York Times
, August 27, 1964.
259
“nothing short of heroic”: Washington Post,
August 26, 1964.
“nothing short of heroic”: Washington Post,
August 26, 1964.
259
“You don’t know how they goin’ to do us!”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 197.
“You don’t know how they goin’ to do us!”:
Belfrage,
Freedom Summer
, p. 197.
260
“I just want you to know”:
Zoya Zeman, Oral History Collection, USM.
“I just want you to know”:
Zoya Zeman, Oral History Collection, USM.
260
“Fine,” the registrar answered:
MDAH SCR ID# 2-61-1-101-5-1-1.
“Fine,” the registrar answered:
MDAH SCR ID# 2-61-1-101-5-1-1.
261
“snowballed” and “completely out of control”:
Ibid.
“snowballed” and “completely out of control”:
Ibid.
“Give unto Them Beauty for Ashes”
262
“My God,” he said:
Anthony Walton,
Mississippi: An American Journey
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), p. 254.
“My God,” he said:
Anthony Walton,
Mississippi: An American Journey
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), p. 254.
263
“The longest nightmare”:
Sellers and Terrell,
River of No Return
, p. 94.
“The longest nightmare”:
Sellers and Terrell,
River of No Return
, p. 94.
263
“At the end of summer”:
Watkins, interview, June 16, 2008.
“At the end of summer”:
Watkins, interview, June 16, 2008.
263
“If the present increase in violence”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
“If the present increase in violence”:
SNCC Papers, reel 38.
263
“are very fine people”:
Mendy Samstein Papers, SHSW.
“are very fine people”:
Mendy Samstein Papers, SHSW.
264
“I didn’t realize yet”:
O’Brien, interview, November 12, 2007.
“I didn’t realize yet”:
O’Brien, interview, November 12, 2007.
264
“Well, what was happening”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 134.
“Well, what was happening”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 134.
264
“everything was awful”:
Linda Wetmore, personal interview, March 27, 2008.
“everything was awful”:
Linda Wetmore, personal interview, March 27, 2008.
264
“You’re telling me”:
Ibid.
“You’re telling me”:
Ibid.
264
“I could never kiss anybody” and “Then I guess”:
Ibid.
“I could never kiss anybody” and “Then I guess”:
Ibid.
265
“battle fatigue”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 273.
“battle fatigue”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 273.
265
“Our very normal”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 136.
“Our very normal”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 136.
265
“the best people I ever met”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 259.
“the best people I ever met”:
Martinez,
Letters from Mississippi
, p. 259.
265
“I went from being a liberal”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 127.
“I went from being a liberal”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 127.
265
“not a very creative guy”:
Ibid., p. 165.
“not a very creative guy”:
Ibid., p. 165.
266
“Can I now forget Mississippi?”:
“The Reminiscences of Mario Savio,” Oral History Research Office Collection, Columbia University, p. 40.
“Can I now forget Mississippi?”:
“The Reminiscences of Mario Savio,” Oral History Research Office Collection, Columbia University, p. 40.
266
“I’m definitely not ready”:
Mills,
This Little Light
, p. 135.
“I’m definitely not ready”:
Mills,
This Little Light
, p. 135.
267
“the proudest moment of my life”:
Abbott,
Mississippi Writers
, p. 329.
“the proudest moment of my life”:
Abbott,
Mississippi Writers
, p. 329.
267
“welling out like poison”:
Ibid.
“welling out like poison”:
Ibid.
267
“The Negro girls feel neglected”:
Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters
, p. 309.
“The Negro girls feel neglected”:
Olson,
Freedom’s Daughters
, p. 309.
267
“just seemed to hate me”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 124.
“just seemed to hate me”:
McAdam,
Freedom Summer
, p. 124.
267
“do what the spirit say do”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 294.
“do what the spirit say do”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 294.
267
“We must decide”:
Clayborne Carson,
In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 146.
“We must decide”:
Clayborne Carson,
In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 146.
267
“too many people high on freedom”:
Casey Hayden, in Curry et al.,
Deep in Our Hearts
, p. 364.
“too many people high on freedom”:
Casey Hayden, in Curry et al.,
Deep in Our Hearts
, p. 364.
268
“the average white person doesn’t realize”:
Casey Hayden and Mary King, “Women in the Movement,” Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee position paper, The Sixties Project Web site,
http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources /Primary/Manifestos /SNCC_women.html
.
“the average white person doesn’t realize”:
Casey Hayden and Mary King, “Women in the Movement,” Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee position paper, The Sixties Project Web site,
http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources /Primary/Manifestos /SNCC_women.html
.
268
“hardly caused a ripple”:
Hayden, in Curry et al.,
Deep in Our Hearts,
p. 365.
“hardly caused a ripple”:
Hayden, in Curry et al.,
Deep in Our Hearts,
p. 365.
268
“brutally aggressive hostility”:
King,
Freedom Song
, p. 450.
“brutally aggressive hostility”:
King,
Freedom Song
, p. 450.
268
impending “coup”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 300.
impending “coup”:
Lewis,
Walking with the Wind
, p. 300.
268
“bullshitting Negroes”:
Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
, p. 135.
“bullshitting Negroes”:
Adickes,
Legacy of a Freedom School
, p. 135.
268
“take orders from white folks!”:
Ibid.
“take orders from white folks!”:
Ibid.
268
“Typical day”:
Samuel Walker Papers, SHSW.
“Typical day”:
Samuel Walker Papers, SHSW.
268
“morphing into a different kind”:
Tillinghast, interview, December 16, 2008.
“morphing into a different kind”:
Tillinghast, interview, December 16, 2008.
269
“cold”:
Andrew Kopkind, “The Future of ‘Black Power’: A Movement in Search of a Program,”
New Republic
, January 7, 1967, p. 17.
“cold”:
Andrew Kopkind, “The Future of ‘Black Power’: A Movement in Search of a Program,”
New Republic
, January 7, 1967, p. 17.
269
“Mrs. Hamer is no longer relevant”:
Payne,
I’ve Got the Light
, pp. 365, 372.
“Mrs. Hamer is no longer relevant”:
Payne,
I’ve Got the Light
, pp. 365, 372.
269
“an unfortunate choice of words”:
Carson,
In Struggle
, p. 210.
“an unfortunate choice of words”:
Carson,
In Struggle
, p. 210.
269
“a growing litany”:
Ibid., p. 238.
“a growing litany”:
Ibid., p. 238.
269
“I got the feeling”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 161.
“I got the feeling”:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 161.
269
“We’ve got to get Goatee”:
Ibid.
“We’ve got to get Goatee”:
Ibid.
270
“King was calling the shots”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 535.
“King was calling the shots”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 535.
270
“Now is the time”“:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 172.
“Now is the time”“:
Whitehead,
Attack on Terror
, p. 172.
270
“our investigation has been curtailed”:
Mars,
Witness in Philadelphia
, p. 130.
“our investigation has been curtailed”:
Mars,
Witness in Philadelphia
, p. 130.
270
“put the fear of God”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 535.
“put the fear of God”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 535.
270
a “floater,” a “hustler”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 432.
a “floater,” a “hustler”:
Cagin and Dray,
We Are Not Afraid
, p. 432.
270
“I’m going to see your ass in jail”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 498.
“I’m going to see your ass in jail”:
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 498.
270
“Killen said they had three civil rights”:
MIBURN, 4-81.
“Killen said they had three civil rights”:
MIBURN, 4-81.
271
“the nigger-communist invasion”:
Ball,
Murder in Mississippi
, p. 55.
“the nigger-communist invasion”:
Ball,
Murder in Mississippi
, p. 55.
271
“a volley of shots”:
MIBURN, 4-77.
“a volley of shots”:
MIBURN, 4-77.
271
“Everyone follow me”:
MIBURN, 4-75, and
Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, December 2, 1967, p. 1A.
“Everyone follow me”:
MIBURN, 4-75, and
Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, December 2, 1967, p. 1A.
272
“They will be under twenty feet of dirt”:
MIBURN, 4-73.
“They will be under twenty feet of dirt”:
MIBURN, 4-73.
272
“Someone go and get the operator”:
Ibid., 4-74.
“Someone go and get the operator”:
Ibid., 4-74.
272
“We have a place to bury them”:
Ibid., 4-46, and Erenrich,
Freedom Is a Constant Struggle
, p. 348.
“We have a place to bury them”:
Ibid., 4-46, and Erenrich,
Freedom Is a Constant Struggle
, p. 348.
272
“Are you that nigger lover?” and “Sir, I know just how you feel”:
MIBURN, 4-47.
“Are you that nigger lover?” and “Sir, I know just how you feel”:
MIBURN, 4-47.
272
“Save one for me!” and “You didn’t leave me anything but”:
Ibid., 4-45-48.
“Save one for me!” and “You didn’t leave me anything but”:
Ibid., 4-45-48.
273
“I’ll kill anyone who talks”:
Ibid., 4-50;
Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, July 12, 2005.
“I’ll kill anyone who talks”:
Ibid., 4-50;
Jackson Clarion-Ledger
, July 12, 2005.
273
“Ol’ Rainey could be elected”: Los Angeles Times
, December 11, 1964.
“Ol’ Rainey could be elected”: Los Angeles Times
, December 11, 1964.
273
“a feeling that we hit”:
Jack Bales, ed.,
Conversations with Willie Morris
(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), p. 103.
“a feeling that we hit”:
Jack Bales, ed.,
Conversations with Willie Morris
(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), p. 103.
273
“I favor dropping an atom bomb”:
Letters,
Time,
December 25, 1964, p. 10.
“I favor dropping an atom bomb”:
Letters,
Time,
December 25, 1964, p. 10.
274
“Here’s to the state of Mississippi”:
Phil Ochs, “Here’s to the State of Mississippi,”
I Ain’t Marching Anymore,
Elektra Records, 1965.
“Here’s to the state of Mississippi”:
Phil Ochs, “Here’s to the State of Mississippi,”
I Ain’t Marching Anymore,
Elektra Records, 1965.
274
“that wall of Never”:
Trillin, “Letter from Jackson,” p. 85.
“that wall of Never”:
Trillin, “Letter from Jackson,” p. 85.
274
“equal treatment under the law”: McComb Enterprise-Journal
, November 17, 1964.
“equal treatment under the law”: McComb Enterprise-Journal
, November 17, 1964.
274
“The waitress smiled”:
Paul Good, “A Bowl of Gumbo for Curtis Bryant,”
Reporter
, December 31, 1964, p. 19.
“The waitress smiled”:
Paul Good, “A Bowl of Gumbo for Curtis Bryant,”
Reporter
, December 31, 1964, p. 19.
275
“Okay, who’s first?”:
Newfield,
Prophetic Minority
, p. 95.
“Okay, who’s first?”:
Newfield,
Prophetic Minority
, p. 95.
275
“a lawyer’s dream case”:
Kunstler, in Curry et al.,
Deep in My Heart
, p. 345.
“a lawyer’s dream case”:
Kunstler, in Curry et al.,
Deep in My Heart
, p. 345.
276
“every Congressman from the Potomac”:
Ibid., p. 349.
“every Congressman from the Potomac”:
Ibid., p. 349.
276
“I’m not crying for myself ”: New York Times
, September 18, 1965.
“I’m not crying for myself ”: New York Times
, September 18, 1965.
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