From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (208 page)

13
. Melvin Small,
Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1994
(Baltimore, Md., 1996), 131; Thomas Franck and Edward Weisband,
Foreign Policy by Congress
(New York, 1979), 61.

14
. Kissinger,
Years of Renewal,
37, 1064.

15
. Ford's "swearing-in" speech, August 9, 1974, can be found in
www.ford/utexasedu/LIBRARY/speeches/740001/html
.

16
. Greene,
Ford Presidency,
39–52, 56.

17
. Ibid., 117–19.

18
. Franck and Weisband,
Congress,
61.

19
. Ford,
Time to Heal,
302.

20
. Johnson,
Congress and the Cold War,
201.

21
. Raymond Garthoff,
Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
(Washington, 1985), 1069–73. The idea of a "one-sided double standard" is discussed on p. 1073.

22
. Walter Isaacson,
Kissinger: A Biography
(New York, 1992), 612–13.

23
. Garthoff,
Détente,
454–56.

24
. Isaacson,
Kissinger,
316.

25
. Greene,
Ford Presidency,
124.

26
. Isaacson,
Kissinger,
626–28.

27
. Garthoff,
Détente,
446–53; Isaacson,
Kissinger,
628–29.

28
. Herring,
Longest War,
331.

29
. Ibid., 332–33.

30
.
New York Times,
April 18, 1975.

31
. Herring,
Longest War,
336.

32
.
New Orleans Times-Picayune,
April 23, 1975.

33
.
Newsweek,
May 1, 2000, 37–42.

34
. Herring,
Longest War,
346–47.

35
.
Newsweek,
April 28, 1975, 17.

36
. Mieczkowski,
Ford,
293–94.

37
. Herring,
Longest War,
359–60; T. Christopher Jespersen, "The Bitter End and the Lost Chance in Vietnam: Congress, the Ford Administration, and the Battle over Vietnam, 1975–1976,"
Diplomatic History
24 (Spring 2000), 265–93.

38
. Greene,
Ford Presidency,
144.

39
. Ibid., 150.

40
. Mieczkoswki,
Ford,
296.

41
. Ralph Weterhahn,
The Last Battle: The Mayaguez Incident and the End of the Vietnam War
(New York, 2001), 253–66.

42
. Garthoff,
Détente,
521.

43
. Greene,
Ford Presidency,
115; Johnson,
Congress and the Cold War,
221–23.

44
. Garthoff,
Détente,
519–36.

45
. Greene,
Ford Presidency,
151–52.

46
. Mieczkowski,
Ford,
297–98.

47
. Garthoff,
Détente,
478.

48
. Robert G. Kaufman,
Henry M. Jackson: A Life in Politics
(Seattle, 2000), 293.

49
. Leo P. Ribuffo, "Is Poland a Soviet Satellite? Gerald Ford, the Sonnenfeldt Doctrine, and the Election of 1976,"
Diplomatic History
14 (Summer 1990), 394.

50
. Mieczkowski,
Ford,
299.

51
. Isaacson,
Kissinger,
669–72.

52
. Greene,
Ford Presidency,
164, 166, 168, 170–73.

53
. Ribuffo, "Election of 1976," 398–403.

54
. James Mann,
Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet
(New York, 2004), 74; Richard A. Melanson,
American Foreign Policy Since the Vietnam War: The Search for Consensus from Nixon to Clinton
(Armonk, N.Y., 1996), 123.

55
. Melanson,
Consensus,
96–97; David J. Rothkopf,
Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power
(New York, 2004), 161–63.

56
. Carter tells his own story in Jimmy Carter,
Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President
(New York, 1982).

57
. Gaddis Smith,
Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years
(New York, 1986), 41; Cyrus Vance,
Hard Choices: Critical Years in American Foreign Policy
(New York, 1983).

58
. Walter LaFeber,
America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1996
(8th ed., New York, 1997), 284.

59
. James Bill,
The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations
(New Haven, Conn., 1988), 249; Zbigniew Brzezinski,
Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981
(New York, 1985).

60
. Thomas Borstelmann,
The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in a Global Arena
(Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 250–52. On Young, see also Andrew J. DeRoche,
Andrew Young: Civil Rights Ambassador
(Wilmington, Del., 2003).

61
. Burton I. Kaufman and Scott Kaufman,
The Presidency of James Earl Carter
(2nd ed., Lawrence, Kans., 2006), 135–36; Kathy B. Smith, "The First Lady Represents America: Rosalynn Carter in South America,"
Presidential Studies Quarterly
27 (Summer 1997), 514–39.

62
. Melanson,
Consensus,
91, 107.

63
. Kaufman and Kaufman,
Carter Presidency,
56–57.

64
. Don Oberdorfer,
The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History
(New York, 1997), 84–94.

65
. Douglas Little,
American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 288–89.

66
. Garthoff,
Détente,
564.

67
. Ibid., 566.

68
. John Lewis Gaddis,
Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History
(2nd ed., New York, 1990), 300.

69
. Mark T. Gilderhus,
The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1989
(Wilmington, Del., 2000), 204.

70
. Walter LaFeber,
The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective
(New York, 1979), 204–6.

71
. Johnson,
Congress and the Cold War,
236.

72
. LaFeber,
Panama Canal
, 210.

73
. Ibid., 214–16.

74
. Ibid., 228–50.

75
. Larry Grubbs, " 'Hands on Presidency' or 'Passionless Presidency?' Jimmy Carter and Ratification of the Panama Canal Treaties,"
SHAFR Newsletter
30 (December 1999), 1–17.

76
. Kyle Longley,
In the Eagle's Shadow: The United States and Latin America
(Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 276.

77
. Michael Schaller,
The United States and China in the Twentieth Century
(2nd ed., New York, 1990), 203–9; James Mann,
About Face: A History of America's Curious Relationship with China from Nixon to Clinton
(New York, 1999), 78–84, 97–98.

78
. Mann,
About Face,
94–95.

79
. Smith,
Morality, Reason, and Power,
90–91.

80
. Mann,
About Face,
100–114.

81
. William B. Quandt,
Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967
(rev. ed., Berkeley, Calif., 2001), 198–99.

82
. David Schoenbaum,
The United States and the State of Israel
(New York, 1993), 260.

83
. Ibid., 260–67; Little,
American Orientalism,
289–93.

84
. Quandt,
Peace Process,
204.

85
. Smith,
Morality, Reason, and Power,
133–34; Borstelmann,
Cold War and the Color Line,
243–48.

86
. Smith,
Morality, Reason, and Power,
143–45; Borstelmann,
Cold War and the Color Line,
254–55.

87
. Andrew J. DeRoche, "Standing Firm for Principles: Jimmy Carter and Zimbabwe,"
Diplomatic History
23 (Fall 1999), 657–85.

88
. Thomas Borstelmann, "The United States and the Final Years of White Rule in Zimbabwe,"
Diplomatic History
27 (January 2003), 155.

89
. Piero Gleijeses, "Truth or Credibility: Castro, Carter, and the Invasion of Shaba,"
International History Review
18 (February 1996), 70–103.

90
. Ibid., 103.

91
. For Carter's human rights policies, see Joshua Murachik,
The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights
(New York, 1986) and Sandy Vogelgesang,
American Dream, Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of Human Rights Policy
(New York, 1980).

92
. Kenneth Cmiel, "The Emergence of Human Rights Politics in the United States,"
Journal of American History
86 (December 1999), 1248.

93
. Carter,
Keeping Faith,
144.

94
. Carter inaugural address, January 20, 1977,
www.bartleby.com/124/pres60.html
.

95
. Kenton Clymer, "Jimmy Carter, Human Rights, and Cambodia,"
Diplomatic History
27 (April 2003), 245–78.

96
. Gilderhus,
Second Century,
206–8.

97
. David F. Schmitz and Vanessa Walker, "Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: The Development of a Post Cold War Foreign Policy,"
Diplomatic History
28 (January 2004), 119.

98
. David Farber,
Taken Hostage: The Iran Hostage Crisis and America's First Encounter with Radical Islam
(Princeton, N.J., 2005), 4–5.

99
. Bill,
Eagle and Lion,
233.

100
. Ibid., 240.

101
. Kenneth M. Pollack,
The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America
(New York, 2004), 125.

102
. Smith,
Morality, Reason, and Power,
188.

103
. Kaufman and Kaufman,
Carter Presidency,
158.

104
. Bill,
Eagle and Lion,
280.

105
. Ibid., 285; Farber,
Taken Hostage,
120–27.

106
. Mark Bowden, "Among the Hostage Takers,"
Atlantic Monthly,
December 2004, 77–96.

107
. Pollack,
Persian Puzzle,
161.

108
. Farber,
Taken Hostage,
1–2.

109
. Kaufman and Kaufman,
Carter Presidency,
165–77, 228–30.

110
. Farber,
Taken Hostage,
143–44; Kaufman and Kaufman,
Carter Presidency,
177–84.

111
. Kaufman and Kaufman,
Carter Presidency,
159–63.

112
. Kaufman,
Jackson,
385; Johnson,
Congress and the Cold War,
243–46.

113
. Garthoff,
Détente,
828–29.

114
. Mark Danner, "Taking Stock of the Forever War,"
New York Times Magazine,
September 11, 2005, 49.

115
. Martin Walker,
The Cold War: A History
(New York, 1994), 251–55; "The Soviet Union and Afghanistan, 1978–1989: Documents from Russian and East German Archives,"
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
(Winter 1996–1997), 133–84.