Gandhi & Churchill (112 page)

51. Swan,
Gandhi,
226.

52. Ibid., 231.

CHAPTER 10.
Parting of the Ways

1. Churchill,
Amid These Storms,
68.

2. Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
291.

3. Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
420–21.

4. R. S. Churchill,
Companion,
2:2, 1033.

5. Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
I:1028.

6. As Manchester points out in
Visions of Glory,
416.

7. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
10:188.

8. Quoted in Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
303.

9. Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
2:1877.

10. Ibid., 1878.

11. Speech of May 13, 1901, in Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
1:82.

12. Similar views are reflected in Leo Amery’s conception of empire, discussed in Louis,
In the Name of God,
68–69.

13. Quoted in Arnold,
Gandhi,
155.

14. See Herman,
To Rule the Waves.

15. Churchill,
World Crisis,
1:123–24.

16. Bonham Carter,
Intimate Portrait,
188.

17. The classic example was his fierce opposition to the increase in naval estimates demanded by the Admiralty in 1909, the resolution of which Churchill described this way: “The Admiralty demanded six [battleships]; the economists offered four; we finally compromised on eight.” See also Ben-Moshe,
Strategy and History,
11–12.

18. Jablonsky,
Great Game,
50–51.

19. Letter of November 30, 1913, in R. S. Churchill,
Young
Statesmen,
684.

20. Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
364.

21. Payne,
Gandhi,
264.

22. As noted by Swan,
Gandhi,
233.

23. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
12:147.

24. Swan,
Gandhi,
236.

25. Arnold,
Gandhi,
63.

26. Quoted in Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
90.

27. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
11:359.

28. Ibid.

29. Swan,
Gandhi,
236.

30. Undated letter from Sarvodaya Library, Phoenix, Natal, quoted in Swan,
Gandhi,
242.

31. Ibid., 114.

32. Ibid., 19, 114; Arnold,
Gandhi,
45.

33. On the tax, see Swan,
Gandhi,
23–24, 194.

34. Payne,
Gandhi,
258.

35. Interview with
Rand Daily Mail,
October 22, 1913, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
13:375.

36. Swan,
Gandhi,
245.

37. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
13:372.

38. Swan,
Gandhi,
250.

39. Payne,
Gandhi,
259.

40. See Gandhi, “Nonviolence in Peace and War,” in
Selected Writings,
61.

41. Quoted in Green,
Gandhi,
216; Gandhi,
Collected Works,
3:223.

42. Unfinished letter of April 22, 1914, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
14:154.

43. Green,
Gandhi,
214–15.

44. Quoted in Swan,
Gandhi,
250.

45. Ibid., 251.

46. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
13:399.

47. Swan,
Gandhi,
251–52.

48. Ibid., 251–54.

49. Payne,
Gandhi,
265.

50. Ibid.

51. Quoted in Green,
Gandhi,
140.

52. Quoted in Fischer,
Life of Gandhi,
125.

53. Swan,
Gandhi,
255–56.

54. Ibid., 254–55.

55. As pointed out by Swan,
Gandhi,
256.

56. Quoted in Fischer,
Life of Gandhi,
124.

CHAPTER 11.
A Bridgehead Too Far

1. Churchill,
Complete Works: Early Speeches,
7. The quotation from F. E. Smith is in Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
20.

2. Confession of Faith, point 15; see Payne,
Gandhi,
216.

3. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
311.

4. Quoted in Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
165.

5. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
12:531; quoted in Green,
Gandhi,
208.

6. Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
169.

7. Quoted in Wolpert,
India,
289.

8. Ibid., 173–74.

9. Quoted in Jablonsky,
Great Game,
47.

10. Churchill,
World Crisis,
1:225.

11. Which first appeared in 1911, Ben Moshe,
Strategy and History,
ibid., 16.

12. Gilbert,
Companion,
3:2:850.

13. Jablonsky,
Great Game,
49.

14. Quoted in Bonham Carter,
Intimate Portrait,
275.

15. Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
500.

16. This was Captain (later Admiral) Herbert Richmond, then assistant director of operations and a harsh critic of Churchill’s policies in the Second World War as well. Quoted in d’Este,
Warlord.

17. Gilbert,
Companion,
3:1:180.

18. Churchill,
World Crisis,
1:395.

19. Quoted in Addison,
Unexpected Hero,
74.

20. Gilbert,
Companion,
3:2:188, 191.

21. Asquith,
Letters to Venetia,
345–46.

22. Keegan,
First World War,
234.

23. Bonham Carter,
Intimate Portrait,
262.

24. Farwell,
Armies of Raj,
240.

25. Best,
Churchill and War,
56.

26. Steel and Hart,
Gallipoli,
6–7.

27. Gilbert,
Companion,
3:1:436.

28. Ibid., 463.

29. As noted in Wallin,
By Ships Alone.

30. Gilbert,
Companion,
3:2:547–48.

31. Quoted in Fromkin,
Peace to End All,
149.

32. Ibid., 131–33.

33. Fromkin,
Peace to End All,
154; but also Wallin,
By Ships Alone,
and Churchill’s own judgment in
World Crisis.

34. Quoted in Keegan,
First World War,
242.

35. Quoted ibid., 244–45.

36. Letter of April 29, 1915, in Gilbert,
Companion,
3:2:835.

37. Ibid., 3:844.

38. Bonham Carter,
Intimate Portrait,
330.

39. Gilbert,
Companion,
3:2, quoted ibid., 341.

40. Gilbert,
Companion,
3: 2:1250.

41. Churchill,
Amid These Storms,
101, 103.

42. Keegan,
First World War,
248.

43. Churchill,
World Crisis,
168.

CHAPTER 12.
Gandhi’s War

1. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
14:53 old style, quoted in Green,
Gandhi,
266.

2. See letter to Gokhale, October 30, 1911, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
12:84–86.

3. Payne,
Gandhi,
288, 293; Arnold,
Gandhi,
73.

4. Arnold,
Gandhi,
73.

5. Brown,
Modern India,
108.

6. Moon,
British Conquest,
968.

7. Brown,
Modern India,
139.

8. V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
42.

9. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
14:413.

10. Srinivasa,
Five Stormy Years,
8–9.

11. Quoted in Beloff,
Imperial Sunset,
1:37.

12. Almost all were elected by municipalities or other official bodies. The other important concession for the future was giving Muslims reserved elected seats in the provincial councils, based on proportion of population. See Wasti,
Lord Minto.

13. Spear,
History of India,
2:179.

14. Moon,
British Conquest,
959–60.

15. See Chapter 10 and Spear,
British Conquest,
179–80.

16. Brown,
Rise to Power,
30.

17. As noted in Naipaul,
Wounded Civilization,
167.

18. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
243.

19. Quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
44–45.

20. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
157.

21. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
15:28.

22. Green,
Gandhi,
184.

23. Quoted in ibid., 287.

24. Montagu,
Indian Diary,
57.

25. The full text of the speech, with Gandhi’s editing of passages that “in cold print would make the speech bad reading,” is in
Collected Works,
15:148–55.

26. Payne,
Gandhi,
300.

27. Brown,
Rise to Power,
27.

28. Wolpert,
Jinnah,
28.

29. Shukla did get a chance to speak to the Congress, and at the insistence of the lawyer Prasad, it did pass a mild resolution calling for an official board of investigation of conditions in Champaran. But the issue would have been forgotten if Shukla had not decided to approach Gandhi. Payne,
Gandhi,
305.

30. Brown,
Rise to Power,
55.

31. Ibid., 62–63; Basu,
Rift and Reunion,
178–79.

32. Brown,
Rise to Power,
76.

33. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
364.

34. Letter dated April 10, 1917, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
15:328–29.

35. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
366.

36. Prasad,
Gandhi and Bihar,
5.

37. Ibid., 15.

38. Quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
65.

39. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
15:335–36.

40. Payne,
Gandhi,
310; Gandhi,
Autobiography,
372.

41. Brown,
Rise to Power,
67.

42. Quoted ibid., 68.

43. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
370.

44. Brown,
Rise to Power,
79.

45. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
372.

46. Ibid., 373.

47. Quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
82.

48. For example, the speech in Surat of January 31, 1922, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
26:56.

49. Brown,
Rise to Power,
83–88, 101.

50. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
388; Payne,
Gandhi,
324–25.

51. Quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
103.

52. Ibid., 27.

53. Ordinarily, Westminster paid for overseas expeditions involving Indian forces. However, New Delhi voted an extraordinary grant to pick up the entire tab. Moon,
British Conquest,
968–69.

54. Wolpert,
India,
294.

55. Moon,
British Conquest,
979.

56. Quoted in Beloff,
Imperial Sunset,
1:161.

57. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
15:509.

58. Ibid., 15:467.

59. Editorial,
Young India,
September 17, 1925, quoted in “Nonviolence in Peace and War,” in Gandhi,
Selected Writings,
36.

60. Quoted in Brown,
Rise to Power,
149.