God Against the Gods (39 page)
BOOKS
Alfoldi, Andrew.
The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome
. Translated by Harold Mattingly. 1948. Reprint, Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford University Press, 1998.
Apuleius.
The Golden Ass
. Translated by Jack Lindsay. 1932. Reprint, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1962).
Armstrong, Karen.
A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.
———.
Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today’s World
. New York: Anchor, 2001.
Assmann, Jan.
Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism
. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Augustine, Edward B. Pusey.
The Confessions of Saint Augustine
. Translated by New York: Modern Library, 1949.
Aurelius, Marcus, et al.
Marcus Aurelius and His Times: The Transition from Paganism to Christianity
. New York: Walter J. Black for the Classics Club, 1945.
Ben-Sasson, H. H., ed.
A History of the Jewish People
. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976.
Bowder, Diana.
The Age of Constantine and Julian
. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1978.
Bright, John.
A History of Israel
. 2d ed. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1972.
Browning, Robert.
The Emperor Julian
. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
Bulfinch, Thomas.
Bulfinch’s Mythology
. 1855-1863. Reprint, New York: Modern Library, n.d.
Burckhardt, Jacob.
The Age of Constantine the Great
. Translated by Moses Hadas. 1852. Reprint, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday/Anchor, 1949.
Burkert, Walter.
Ancient Mystery Cults
. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987.
———.
Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth
. Translated by Peter Bing. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
Carroll, James.
Constantine’s Sword: The Church and the Jews
. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
Chadwick, Henry.
Heresy and Orthodoxy in the Early Church
. Hampshire, U.K.: Variorum, 1991.
Chuvin, Pierre.
A Chronicle of the Last Pagans
. Translated by B. A. Archer. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Clark, Gillian.
Women in Late Antiquity: Pagan and Christian Life-styles
. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
Clendenin, Daniel B.
Many Gods, Many Lords: Christianity Encounters World Religions
. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 1995.
Cotterell, Arthur, ed.
The Penguin Encyclopedia of Classical Civilizations
. New York: Penguin, 1995.
Cumont, Franz.
Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism
. 1911. Reprint, New York: Dover 1956.
Davies, Nigel.
Human Sacrifice: In History and Today
. New York: William Morrow, 1981.
De Chair, Somerset.
Bring Back the Gods: The Epic Career of the Emperor Julian, the Great
. London: George G. Harrap, 1962.
De Vaux, Roland.
The Early History of Israel
. Translated by David Smith. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978.
Dill, Samuel.
Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire
. 2d rev. ed. New York: Meridian, 1958.
Dorries, Hermann.
Constantine the Great
. Translated by Roland H. Bainton. New York: Harper & Row, 1972.
Durant, Will.
The Story of Civilization
. Vol. 3,
Caesar and Christ
. Vol. 4,
The Age of Faith
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944, 1950.
Fackenheim, Emil L.
What Is Judaism? An Interpretation for the Present Age
. New York: Summit, 1987.
Farah, Caesar E.
Islam: Beliefs and Observances
. Woodbury, N.Y.: Barron’s, 1970.
Ferguson, John.
Gods Many and Lords Many: A Study in Primal Religions
. Guildford, Eng.: Lutterworth, 1982.
Finkelstein, Israel, and Neil Asher Silberman.
The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts
. New York: Free Press, 2001.
Fleming, Fergus, and Alan Lothian.
Myth and Mankind: The Way to Eternity, Egyptian Myth
. London: Duncan Baird, 1997.
Fletcher, Richard.
The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity
. New York: Henry Holt, 1997.
Foakes-Jackson, F. J.
The History of the Christian Church from the Earliest Times to A.D
. 461. 1891. Reprint, Chicago: W. P. Blessing, 1927.
Forster, E. M.
Alexandria: A History and a Guide
. Alexandria: Whitehead Morris 1938.
Fox, Robin Lane.
Pagans and Christians
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987.
Frazer, James George.
The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion
. Abridged ed. 1922. Reprint, New York: Macmillan, 1979.
Freud, Sigmund.
Moses and Monotheism
. Translated by Katherine Jones. 1939. Reprint, New York: Vintage, 1967.
Friedman, Richard Elliott.
Who Wrote the Bible?
New York: Summit, 1987.
Gibbon, Edward.
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
. 3 vols. 1776. Reprint, New York: Heritage, 1946.
Grant, Robert M.
Gods and the One God
. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986.
Graves, Robert.
King Jesus
. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1946.
———.
The White Goddess: A Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth
. Amended and enlarged ed. New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1966.
Grayzel, Solomon.
A History of the Jews
. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1952.
Greenslade, S. L.
Schism in the Early Church
. New York: Harper & Brothers, n.d.
Guitton, Jean.
Great Heresies & Church Councils
. Translated by F. D. Wieck. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Hawass, Zahi.
Valley of the Golden Mummies
. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2000.
Hillgarth, J. N., ed.
Christianity and Paganism, 350-750: The Conversion of Western Europe
. Rev. ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986.
Jones, Prudence, and Nigel Pennick.
A History of Pagan Europe
. London: Routledge, 1995.
Josephus, Flavius.
The Jewish War
. Rev. ed. Translated by G. A. Williamson. New York: Dorset Press, 1981.
———.
The Works of Josephus
. Translated by William Whiston. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1987.
Klauck, Hans-Josef.
Magic and Paganism in Early Christianity: The World of the Acts of the Apostles
. Translated by Brian McNeil. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000.
Kraemer, Ross Shepard.
Her Share of the Blessings: Women’s Religions Among Pagans, Jews and Christians in the Greco-Roman World
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Latourette, Kenneth Scott.
A History of Christianity
. Vol. 1. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.
Lebreton, Jules, S.J., and Jacques Zeiller.
Heresy and Orthodoxy
. Vol. 3. of
A History of the Early Church
. Translated by Ernest C. Messenger. 1946. Reprint, New York: Collier, 1962.
Lietzmann, Hans.
From Constantine to Julian: A History of the Early Church.
Vol. 3. Translated by Bertram Lee Woolf. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950.
Lieu, Samuel N. C., ed.
The Emperor Julian: Panegyric and Polemic
. 2d ed. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1989.
Lieu, Samuel N. C., and Dominic Montserrat eds.
From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views, A Source History
. London: Routledge, 1996.
Maccoby, Hyam.
The Sacred Executioner: Human Sacrifice and the Legacy of Guilt
. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1982.
MacMullen, Ramsay.
Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries
. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.
Malherbe, Abraham J.
Moral Exhortation: A Greco-Roman Sourcebook
. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986.
Martin, Edward J.
The Emperor Julian: An Essay on His Relations with the Christian Religion
. New York: Macmillan, 1919.
Miles, Jack.
Christ: A Crisis in the Life of God
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001.
———.
God: A Biography
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995.
Neander, Augustus.
The Emperor Julian and His Generation
. Translated by C. V. Cox. 1812. Reprint, Eugene, Ore.: Wipf and Stock, 2001.
Neusner, Jacob.
Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine: History, Messiah, Israel and the Initial Confrontation
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
———.
A Life of Yohanan ben Zakkai, ca. 1-80 C.E
. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1962.
Parsons, Edward Alexander.
The Alexandrian Library: Glory of the Hellenic World
. London: Cleaver-Hume, 1952.
Patai, Raphael.
The Jewish Mind
. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1977.
Rendall, Gerald Henry.
The Emperor Julian: Paganism and Christianity
. Cambridge: Deighton, Bell and Co, and London: George Bell and Sons, 1879.
Ricciotti, Giuseppe.
Julian the Apostate, Roman Emperor, 361-363
. Translated by M. Joseph Costelloe, S. J. 1960. Reprint, Rockford, Ill.: Tan Books, 1999.
Roth, Cecil.
A Short History of the Jewish People
. London: East and West Library, 1959.
Rubenstein, Richard E.
When Jesus Became God: The Struggle to Define Christianity During the Last Days of Rome
. San Diego and Harcourt, 1999.
Schaff, Philip and Wace, Henry, eds.
A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church
(2d series). Vol. 1,
Eusebius
. 1890. Reprint, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1997.
Shanks, Hershel.
Jerusalem: An Archaeological Biography
. New York: Random House, 1995.
Shlain, Leonard.
The Alphabet Versus the Goddess
. New York: Penguin/ Arkana, 1988.
Smith, John Holland.
Constantine the Great
. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971.
———.
The Death of Classical Paganism
. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976.
Stone, Merlin.
When God Was a Woman
. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976.
Thiede, Carsten Peter.
The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Jewish Origins of Christianity
. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
Thompson, Thomas L.
The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel
. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
Tierney, Patrick.
The Highest Altar: Unveiling the Mystery of Human Sacrifice
. New York: Penguin, n.d.
Toynbee, Arnold.
The Crucible of Christianity: Judaism, Hellenism and the Historical Background to the Christian Faith
. Cleveland: World, 1969.
Vidal, Gore.
Julian
. 1962. Reprint, New York: Ballantine, 1986.
Weiss, Johannes.
The History of Primitive Christianity
. 2 vols. New York: Wilson-Erickson, 1937.
Whitham, A. R.
The History of the Christian Church to the Separation of East and West
. 4th ed. London: Rivingtons, 1954.
Wilson, A. N.
Paul: The Mind of the Apostle
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997.
Wright, Wilmer Cave, trans.
The Works of the Emperor Julian
. 3 vols. 1913. Reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980.
JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS
Emerton, J. E. “Yahweh and His Asherah.
Vetus Testamentum
, Vol. XLIX, no. 3, July 1999, 315-337 (Leiden: E. J. Brill).
Fisher, Eugene J. “Cultic Prostitution in the Ancient Near East? A Reassessment.”
Biblical Theology Bulletin
6, nos. 2-3 (June-October 1976): 225-36.
“Papal Letters Excerpt.”
Los Angeles Times
, March 22, 2002, A18.
Weitzman, Steven. “Forced Circumcision and the Shifting Role of Gentiles in Hasmonean Ideology.”
Harvard Theological Review
92, no. 1 (January 1999): 37-59.
Zucchino, David. “The Last Days of Bamian’s Buddhas.”
Los Angeles Times
, February 24, 2002, A10-A11.
ON-LINE AND DIGITAL RESOURCES
BibleWorks 5 (Hermeneutika Bible Research Software)
Britannica.com (
www.britannica.com
)
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors (
www.roman-emperors.org
)
Index
abortion, in paganism
Abraham
Adonai
adultery
Aelia Capitolina
Afghanistan
Against Julian
(Gregory of Nazianzus)
Against the Galileans
(Julian)
Agamemnon
Agathos Daimon
agentes in rebus
Aidesios
Akhenaton (Amenhotep )
Alexander (Bishop of Alexandria)
Alexander Severus
Alexander the Great
Julian’s affinity for
Alexandria
Arianism in
Christianity in
destruction of library of
destruction of Serapeum at
Hypatia’s death in
pagan-Christian conflict in
Alfoldi, Andrew
Amalek
Amenhotep ,
see
Akhenaton
Ammianus Marcellinus
Amon
Anastasia
“anathema,” early Christian sects as
animal sacrifice
Antiochus’s imposition of
in Temple of Jerusalem
Anthony
Antioch
Antiochus
Anubis
Apamea
Aphrodite
temples of
Apollo
Constantine’s vision at shrine of
idol of
Julian’s pilgrimage to shrine of
oracles at shrine of
sacrificial offerings to
shrine of, at Daphne
temple of, at Rome
see also
Helios, King;
Sol Invictus
apostasies
during Great Persecution
Arianism
Constantius and
Council of Nicaea and
Julian and
Theodosius’s condemnation of
Aristotle
Arius
Armageddon
Armstrong, Karen
Artemidorus of Daldis
Artemis
Asherah
asherim
Ashtoreth
Asian religions,
see
mystery religions
assimilationism:
of Hasmonean kings
Jewish
Assmann, Jan
Assyria
Astarte
astrology
Athanasians
Athanasius
atheists
Christian
Athena
Palladium of
Aton
Attis
augury
Augustine
“Augustus,” as title
Augustus, Emperor of Rome (Octavian)
Baal
Babylonian Exile
Bacchanalia
Bacchus (Dionysus)
Bar Kokhba
Barnabas
basilica
Basilina
B.C.E. (Before the Common Era)
Bellona
Bes
Beugnot, August-Arthur
Bible:
animal sacrifice in
canon of Hebrew Bible
divination in
Greek translation of
and idolatry
on Israelites’ conquest of Canaan
magic condemned by
and monotheism
paganism depicted in
and polytheism
religious terrorism in
rigorism of
spirit of tolerance in
study of
violence and war in
Bible Unearthed, The
(Finkelstein and Silberman)
bisexuality
Bowder, Diana
Bright, John
Browning, Robert:
on cult of Cybele
on Julian
Buddhist statuary, Afghanistan, destruction of
Burckhardt, Jacob
Burkert, Walter
Byzantium, ancient city of
Caecilian
Caecilius
“Caesar,” as title
Caesars, The
(Julian)
Cahill, Thomas
Callinicum
Canaanites
conquest of
capital punishment, in ancient Rome
Carpocrates
Carroll, James
Carthage
human sacrifice at
Cassian, John
Castor and Pollux
castration, priestly
Cathars
“catholic,” defined
n
C.E. (Common Era)
celibacy
Celsus
Celts
Cercops
Ceres
Chaldeans
Charon
Chemosh
chi-rho
Christ: A Crisis in the Life of God
(Miles)
Christians, Christianity
Alexandrian library destroyed by
alliance of state and
in ancient Rome
in burning of Rome
and Constantine
and Constantine’s dream or vision
and Council of Nicaea
Crusades of
and destruction of Serapeum
and Edict of Milan
and ethical monotheism
heresies of,
see
heresies and schisms
Julian influenced by
and Julian’s death
Julian’s persecution of
magic condemned by
monotheism and
pagan converts to
pagans’ conflict with
and pagan women
persecutions by
in punishment of apostates
religious art of
restoration of, after Julian’s death
rigorism of
rituals of
Roman persecutions of
survival of pagan traditions in
Trinity in
zealotry of monks in
Christmas
chronology
Chrysostom, John
on Christian monks
Church of the Martyrs
Chuvin, Pierre
Cicero
Circumcellions
circumcision
civic virtue
Claros, oracle of
classical culture, survival of
classical paganism
Christianity’s reconnection with
decline of
human and animal sacrifice in
classical paganism (
continued
)
and Julian’s counterrevolution
moral and ethical concerns of
syncretism of
see also
Greece, ancient; Rome, ancient
Common Era (C.E.)
Communism
Confessions, The
(Augustine)
confessor
Constans
Constantia
Constantina
Constantine
Constantine’s Sword
(Carroll)
Constantine the Great
aging of
birth and upbringing of
Christianity and
Constantinople founded by
and controversy over nature of Jesus
and Council of Nicaea
and Crispus
death and burial of
dream or vision of
and Edict of Milan
epigraph from Panegyric to
Julian’s indictment of
and Licinius
magical beliefs of
paganism and
polytheism and
reign of, after death
statue of
totalitarianism of
tricennalia
of
will of
Constantinople
Julian in
Julian’s interment at
Constantius
death and deification of
and Julian
Constantius Chlorus (Constantius the Pale)
Corinthians, First Epistle to the, epigraph from
Council of Nicaea,
see
Nicaea, Council of
covenant
Crispus
Crocus, King
crucifixion
Crusades
Cumont, Franz
Cybele
see also
Great Mother of the Gods
Cyril of Alexandria
Dalmatius
Daniel, Book of
Dark Ages
David
divination by
Davies, Nigel
Death of Classical Paganism, The
(Smith)
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The
(Gibbon), epigraph from
Delphi, oracle of
Demeter
democracy, polytheism and
demons, pagan gods and goddesses as
Deuteronomy, Book of
Didyma, oracles at
dietary laws, Jewish
Dill, Samuel
diocese
Diocletian
Dionysus,
see
Bacchus
divination
Donatists
Donatus
Dorries, Hermann
dream-books
dreams, interpretation of in ancient Israel
Durant, Will
Easter controversy
Eastern Orthodoxy
Edict of Milan,
see
Milan, Edict of edicts of toleration,
see
toleration, Jovian’s edict of
Egypt, ancient Christianity in
Eleusis oracle of
Elohim
Elohim Yahweh Sabaoth (Lord of Hosts)
Ephesus
ethical monotheism
eunuchs
Eusebia
Eusebius (chamberlain)
Eusebius of Caesarea
on Constantine
on temple of Aphrodite
Eusebius of Nicomedia
Eutropius
exclusivism
excommunication
of early Christian sects
Exodus, Book of
Ezekiel
Ezra
Fackenheim, Emil L.
Falwell, Jerry
fanaticism
Fausta
Fides, Saint, relics of
Finkelstein, Israel
Firmicus Maternus, Julius epigraph from
Forster, E. M.
Fortuna
fortune-telling,
see
divination
Fox, Robin Lane
Frazer, James
Freud, Sigmund epigraph from
Fulgentius
fundamentalism
Galerius
Gallus
Gaul, Julian’s military campaigns in
Genesis, Book of
genocide
George of Cappadocia
Germanic tribes, Julian’s campaigns against
Gezer, human sacrifice at
Gibbon, Edward:
on Alexander Severus
on Arius’s death
on Christian persecutions of dissenters
on Constantine
on Constantine’s sons
on Crispus
on decline of Rome
on Diocletian
epigraph from
on
homoousion
controversy
Gibbon, Edward (
continued
)
on Julian
on persecution of paganism
on Roman persecutions of Christians
on Theophilus
gladiatorial combats
goddesses, pagan
God-fearers
Godwin, Jocelyn
Golden Ass, The
Golden Bough, The
(Frazer)
golden calf
golden rule
graven images, commandment against
Great Britain
Great Mother of the Gods
see also
Cybele
Great Persecution
apostasies during
end of
Greece, ancient:
culture, influence of
democracy in
human and animal sacrifice in
paganism, decline of
paganism in
Gregory of Nazianzus
Gregory of Nyssa
Gregory the Great, Pope
Gruber, Mayer I.
Grunters, the (oracles)
Hadrian
Hadrian’s Wall
Hajj
Hanin, Rabbi
Hannibalianus
harlotry
Haruspices, College of
Hasidim
Hasmonean dynasty
Hebron, shrine at
Hecate
hecatombs
Helena (daughter of Constantine the Great)
Helena (mother of Constantine the Great)
Heliopolis
Helios, King
see also
Apollo;
Sol Invictus
Hellenes (Julian’s term for pagans)
Hellenism Hera
Hercules
heresies and schisms
Christian
Christian Crusade against, after Julian’s death
Constantine’s war on
Inquisition and
in monotheism
Theodosius’s condemnation of
hermits, Christian
Herodotus
Herod “the Great,”
Hilarion
Hilary of Poitiers
Hillgarth, J. N.
History of God, A
(Armstrong)
Holy Spirit, in Arianism
holy war
of Christians
of Constantine and Licinius
of Maccabees
and martyrdom
Holy War
(Armstrong)
Homer
homoousion-homoiousion
controversy
homosexuality
Horace
Horus
Hosea
Hosius of órdoba
Huldah
human sacrifice
Hymn to the Mother of the Gods
(Julian), epigraph from
Hypatia, death of
Iamblichus
Iao
idolatry
of Israelites
Iliad
(Homer)
Ilion
Incas, human sacrifice by
incubation
In Defense of the Temples
(Libanius)
infants, abandoned
In Hoc Signo Vinces
Innocent , Pope
Inquisition
Iphigenia
Iran
Isaac
Isaiah
Ishtar
Isis
Islam
calligraphy and architecture of
monotheism and
religious terrorism and
rigorism of
Israelites:
conquest of Canaan by
idolatry of
military operations of
monotheism and
polytheism of
tolerance of
see also
Jews; Judaism
James (brother of Jesus)
Jeremiah
Jerome
Jerusalem:
Babylonian conquest of
Hellenism and
Roman siege and occupation of
Jerusalem, Temple of,
see
Temple of Jerusalem
Jesus of Nazareth
and Arian controversy
Constantine’s dream or vision of
Constantine’s idea of nature of
and destruction of the temple
Jewish War
Jews:
and Julian’s plan for restoration of temple
persecutions of
rigorism of
Rome’s tolerance of
see also
Israelites; Judaism
John the Apostle
Jones, Prudence
Josephus
Joshua
Josiah
death of
Jove
Jovian
Judah “the Maccabee,”
Judah, kingdom of:
conquest of
pagan shrines destroyed in
Judaism
fundamental credo of
and Hellenism
mezuzah in
and monotheism
and pagan women
