God's War: A New History of the Crusades (160 page)

16
. David,
De Expugnatione
, pp. 100–11 for debate; for Raol’s authorship and career, H. Livermore, ‘The
Conquest of Lisbon
and its Author’,
Portuguese Studies
, 6 (1990), 1–16.

17
. David,
De Expugnatione
, pp. 110–15.

18
. David,
De Expugnatione
, pp. 136–7.

19
.
Loc. cit.

20
. Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 64.

21
. For the Pisan, Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 64; David,
De Expugnatione
, pp. 162–3.

22
. David,
De Expugnatione
, pp. 176–7 for pillage and murder.

23
. David,
De Expugnatione
, pp. 178–81 and note 5 for Gilbert of Hastings.

24
. Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 67, cf. Duodechin version, MGH SS, xvii, 28;
Annales Elmarenses
,
Les Annales de Saint-Pierre de Gand et de Saint-Amand
, ed. P. Grierson (Brussels 1937), pp. 111–12; G. Constable, ‘A Note on the Route of the Anglo-Flemish Crusaders of 1147’,
Speculum
, 28 (1953), 525–6.

25
. N. Jaspert, ‘Tortosa and the Crusades’,
The Second Crusade
, ed. Phillips and Hoch, esp. pp. 90–91, 95, 97–100 and refs.

26
. Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, esp. pp. 88–97; Helmold of Bosau,
Chronicle
, p. 174; John Kinnamos,
Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus
, trans. C. M. Brand (New York 1976), p. 68; Conrad III to Wibald of Corvey, late Feb. 1148,
Die Urkunden der Deutschen Könige und Kaiser
, ix,
Die Urkunden Konrads III
, ed. F. Hausmann, MGH (Vienna, Cologne, Graz 1969), no. 195; in general, Berry, ‘Second Crusade’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, i, 483–512.

27
. Kinnamos,
Deeds
, p. 60.

28
. Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 94–5.

29
. J. W. Nesbitt, ‘The Rate of March of Crusading Armies in Europe’,
Traditio
, 19 (1963), 177; for the German march, Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, pp. 79–81; Kinnamos,
Deeds
, pp. 58–68; Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 32–5, 40–51.

30
. For Manuel’s policy, Lilie,
Byzantium and the Crusader States
, pp. 145–63; Magdalino,
Empire of Manuel I Komnenos
, pp. 46–53.

31
. Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 94–5.

32
. Hausmann,
Urkunden Konrads III
, no. 195.

33
. For a detailed if biased eyewitness account, Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 20–143.

34
. Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 40–41.

35
. Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 58–9, 54–5 for attacks on the bishop of Langres and William of Warenne.

36
. Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 68–9.

37
. Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 68–73.

38
. Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 70–71.

39
. Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 76–83.

40
. Kinnamos,
Deeds
, p. 70.

41
. The French march across Asia Minor is vividly and painfully described by Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 82–143; cf. Kinnamos,
Deeds
, pp. 70–71.

42
. RHGF, xvi, 149;
O City of Byzantium, Annals of Nicetas Choniates
, trans. H. J. Margoulias (Detroit 1984), pp. 38–9.

43
. Kinnamos,
Deeds
, pp. 70–71; Hausmann,
Urkunden Konrads III
, no. 195.

44
. Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 122–3; cf. pp. 136–41.

45
. Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione
, pp. 118–21; pp. 124–7 for Templar fraternity.

46
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 179.

47
. Ibn al-Qalanisi,
Damascus Chronicle
, pp. 281–2.

48
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 179–80.

49
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, pp. 101–2; William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 181–2; and note 24 above.

50
. Hausmann,
Urkunden Konrads III
, no. 195; on the options in 1148, M. Hoch, ‘The Choice of Damascus as the Objective of the Second Crusade’,
Autour de la première Croisade
, ed. M. Balard (Paris 1996), pp. 359–69; idem, ‘The Crusaders’ Strategy against Fatimid Ascalon’,
The Second Crusade and the Cistercians
, ed. M. Gervers (New York 1992), pp. 119–29; idem, ‘The Price of Failure’,
The Second Crusade
, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 180–200; A. J. Forey, ‘The Failure of the Siege of Damascus in 1148’,
Journal of Medieval History
, 10 (1984), 13–23.

51
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 181–3.

52
. John of Salisbury,
Historia Pontificalis
, pp. 52–3; cf. the dark hints in William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 180–81.

53
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 102; Hausmann,
Urkunden Konrads III
, no. 195.

54
. For the Acre council and the campaign of 1148, William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 184–95; cf. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
pp. 102–3; for the Jerusalem royal feud, H. E. Mayer, ‘Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem’,
Dumbarton Oaks Papers
, 26 (1972), 93–182.

55
. Ibn al-Qalanisi,
Damascus Chronicle
, p. 283 and, for the siege, pp. 282–7.

56
. Hausmann,
Urkunden Konrads III
, no. 197; William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 190–94; Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 103; John of Salisbury,
Historia Pontificalis
, pp. 57–8; Berry, ‘Second Crusade’, p. 509.

57
. Hausmann,
Urkunden Konrads III
, no. 197; William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 195.

58
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, pp. 105–6.

59
. RHGF, xv, 502, 508, 508–9, 509; John of Salisbury,
Historia Pontificalis
, p. 60; Kinnamos,
Deeds
, p. 72.

60
. For the 1150 plan, Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, nos. 399–400; T. Reuter, ‘The “Non-crusade” of 1149–50’,
The Second Crusade
, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 150–63; Stephen of Paris,
Fragmentum Historicum de Ludovico VII
, RHGF, xii, 89–91.

61
. Eugenius III’s letter, PL, 180, col. 1414; Hadrian IV’s letter, ibid., 188, cols. 1,615–17.

62
.
Annales Herbipolenses
, MGH SS, xvi, 5. In general see E. Siberry,
Criticism of Crusading 1095–1274
(Oxford 1985).

63
. Vincent of Prague,
Annales
, p. 663.

64
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, pp. 103–6; for a translation of
De Consideratione
, II (PL, 182, cols. 741–5), J. Brundage,
The Crusades: A Documentary Survey
(Milwaukee 1962), pp. 122–4, p. 124 for quotation; Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, no. 399.

65
.
Vita Prima
of Bernard by his former notary Geoffrey, PL, 185, cols. 366–7.

66
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 193.

67
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p.27; Helmold of Bosau,
Chronicle
, p. 174.

68
. Brundage,
Crusades
, p. 123.

11: ‘A Great Cause for Mourning’: The Revival of Crusading and the Third Crusade

1
. Gregory VIII,
Audita Tremendi
, October/November 1187, in response to news of the battle of Hattin, J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 65.

2
. PL, 197, cols. 187–8; cf. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 360, 417–23, 425, 434–5.

3
. Gerald of Wales,
De Principis instructione, Opera
, ed. J. S. Brewer, Rolls Series (London 1861–91), viii, 207.

4
. Ralph Niger,
De Re Militari
, pp. 193–4; cf. pp. 186–7 for other comments on the vices of the Jerusalemites.

5
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 407–8.

6
. For an equivocal eyewitness account, Ibn al-Qalanisi,
Damascus Chronicle
, pp. 317–21.

7
. Ibn Munir of Tripoli, trans. Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 150 and, in general, pp. 118–67; for the bathing incident, Holt,
Age of Crusades
, p. 44.

8
. Translated in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 71, and pp. 70–72 for a flattering appreciation.

9
. Taken from the inscription on Nur al-Din’s Aleppo/Jerusalem minbar, trans. Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 152 and generally pp. 151–61.

10
. William of Tyre,
History
ii, 235, and pp. 253–4 for the Cyprus raid.

11
. On Manuel’s Antioch policy, P. Magdalino,
The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos
, pp. 66–76; Lilie,
Byzantium and the Crusader States
, pp. 174–83.

12
. Beha al-Din Ibn Shaddad,
The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, trans. D. S. Richards (Aldershot 2002), p. 45.

13
. Accounts differ between Saladin’s own, M. Lyons and D. Jackson,
Saladin: The Politics of Holy War
(Cambridge 1984), p. 47 and the version possibly given later by Saladin to his friend Ibn Shaddad, Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 47.

14
. According to Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 69; cf. Ibn Shaddad’s more specious version,
Saladin
, p. 49.

15
. The best modern biography is Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
. His full name translates as ‘the king, the governor, the goodness of the world and the Faith, father of Mustafa, Joseph, son of Ayyub, son of Shadhi the Kurd’.

16
.
Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi
, trans. H. Nicholson,
The Chronicle of the Third Crusade
(Aldershot 2001), p. 27 and note. (Hereafter
Itinerarium
).

17
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 117 and note 26.

18
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, ll. 5,499–5,500, p. 227; J. Gillingham,
Richard I
(New Haven and London 1999), pp. 188, 216, 262.

19
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 69, 119, 141; for Saladin’s reputation in the Islamic world, Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, pp. 193–5, 592–600.

20
. Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, pp. 87–90, 105–6; B. Lewis,
The Assassins
(London 1967), chap. 5.

21
. Recorded by his secretary, Imad al-Din Isfahani, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 171–2.

22
. M. Lyons, ‘Saladin’s Hattin Letter’,
The Horns of Hattin
, ed. Kedar, pp. 208–12.