Going Dutch: How England Plundered Holland's Glory (47 page)

D

Danby, Thomas Osborne, 1st Earl of (
later
Duke of Leeds), 17, 57

Danckerts, Hendrick,
24–5
, 147

Danvers, Henry, Baron (
later
Earl of Danby), 102, 106

Davenant, Sir William, 173

Davidson, Sir William, 293

Delft faïence,
240
, 261–2

Descartes, René, 153;
Discours de la méthode
, 153–4

Desmarets, Daniel, 250

Desolate Boedelkamer (bankruptcy chamber): art auctions, 122

Devonshire, William Cavendish, 4th Earl of, 56

Dieussart, François, 138–9, 160–1

Dijkvelt, Everard van Weede van: prepares invasion of England, 4; correspondence with William, 28; and William’s
Declaration
, 29; as ambassador to England, 37

Donne, John, 167

Doort, Abraham van der, 108, 115

Dorp, Dorothea van, 149, 152

Dou, Gerrit, 143–4;
The Young Mother
(painting), 140,
141
, 145

Doublet (or Doubleth), Gertruyd (
née
Huygens), 211, 242

Doublet (or Doubleth), Philips, jr, 93, 211,
234
, 241,
242
, 245–6, 290

Doublet (or Doubleth), Philips, sr, 245

Doublet, Susanna (
née
Huygens), 93, 241–3,
242
,
244
, 308

Dover, Treaty of (1670), 353

Downing, Sir George, 330–1, 345–8

Drebbel, Cornelius, 167

Dryden, John, 173

Duarte family, 177–8,
177
, 182–4, 195, 198

Duarte, Constantia, 178

Duarte, Diego (Gaspar’s father), 177

Duarte, Diego (Gaspar’s son), 120, 177, 183

Duarte, Francesca, 182

Duarte, Gaspar, 120–1, 169, 176–8, 180–1, 183, 186, 259

Duarte, Jacob, 177, 180–1

Dugdale, William, 291

Dumanoir, Guillaume, 192

Durham, 31–2

Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC): activities, 241, 247, 319, 339–40; founding charter, 338; financing, 339–40; relations with English East India Company, 340–1, 349; protected by state, 347

Dutch Republic
see
United Provinces

Dutch West India Company (West-Indische Compagnie; WIC): captures Spanish treasure, 84–5; influence, 241; activities, 319; formed, 321; in North America (New Netherland), 321–2, 324–6, 332; protected by state, 347

Dyck, Sir Anthony (Anton) van: portraits of Charles I,
55
,
75
, 117, 148; wedding portrait of William III, 70,
71
; Webb purchases Stuart portraits by, 116; Duarte deals in paintings, 120–1; Sir Constantijn Huygens praises, 126; Huygens introduces Lievens to, 129; at English court, 130–1; self-portrait,
130
; travels, 130; death, 134; mourning picture of Thomas Killigrew and William Crofts,
171
, 172

Dyrham Park, near Bath, 260–1

E

East India Company (English), 340, 349

Elizabeth I, Queen, 54

Elizabeth, Princess (daughter of Charles I), 67

Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia and Electress Palatine (’The Winter Queen’): served by Lord Craven, 20; in Heidelberg, 48, 86, 228; Princess Mary Stuart serves, 67; courtly life and culture, 81–2, 84, 86, 88–9, 191, 198; life and career, 86–7,
87
; progress to Heidelberg, 86, 108; commissions art works, 129, 131; Dieussart’s bust of, 138; permanent residence in The Hague, 167, 174, 189, 229; aids Thomas Killigrew, 172; and George Morley, 176; and Anne de la Barre, 187; Lower dedicates work to, 188; and
Ballet de la Carmesse
, 190–2; finances, 191; forfeits claim to Bohemian crown, 219, 228–9

England (Britain): William of Orange invades, 1,
2–3
, 4–8; Convention formed (1688), 18; and succession to throne, 54–6, 62–7; Dutch art and artists in, 113–15, 135; Royal Collection of art, 144–5, 147–8; marriages with Dutch partners, 159–60; gardens, 262; overseas competition with Dutch, 319, 326–7, 329–30, 332–3, 340; fiscal policy and reforms, 347–8; economic prosperity, 357;
see also
Anglo-Dutch wars

Essex, Arthur Capel, 1st Earl of, 43

Evelyn, John: on James II’s Catholicism, 4; on English apprehensions of Dutch invasion, 5, 26; on William’s landing and intentions, 14–15; on Dutch art fair, 121–2; on palace of Rijswijk, 140; praises Dou painting, 144; on Antwerp, 175; on Duarte home, 177–8; on trees in Dutch towns and gardens, 225, 237; on ancients’ lack of interest in exotic plants, 250; on Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, 253; on Blathwayt, 260; visits Fromanteel with Christiaan Huygens, 274;
Sylva
, 226, 237, 253

Everdingen, Caesar van, 90

Exeter, 14, 16, 31, 46

F

Fagel, Gaspar: and William’s
Declaration
, 29; and French trade war, 39; Burnet works with, 43; as adviser to William, 246; family, 246; garden and plants, 246–50,
249
, 252; transfers plants to Hampton Court, 248–9

Fairfax, Thomas, 3nd Baron, 219

Fatio de Duillier, Nicolas, 311–12

Finch, Sir Heneage, 282

Fitzcharles, Charlotte Jemima Henrietta, 171

Flines, Agnes de (Agnes Block), 250

Fort Orange
see
Albany

Fourment, Hélène (Rubens’ second wife),
179

Fox, Sir Stephen, 14–16

France: support for James II, 4; James II’s exile in, 18; trade war with Dutch, 33, 39–40, 42; as threat to Dutch Republic, 37, 41, 62–3, 353; anti-Protestant measures, 41; William’s campaign against, 263

Frederick V, Elector Palatine, 48, 86–8, 219, 228–9

Frederik Hendrik, Stadholder: marriage, 67, 111, 212; and Stuart-Orange marriage alliances, 67–70, 73, 75; pictured,
68
,
89
, 90; tours Netherlands with Princess Mary, 72; death, 76, 89, 138, 209; court life and culture, 82, 84, 86, 89, 212; claims share of captured Spanish silver, 85; Sir Constantijn Huygens as First Secretary to, 100, 110, 126, 152; art interests and collection, 129, 132, 207–8; and Duarte, 178, 180, 183; buildings and improvements, 209; gardening interests, 222–3, 231, 235; shelters Elector Frederick, 229; acquires and rebuilds Honselaarsdijk, 235

Fromanteel, Ahasuerus, 274, 277

Fromanteel, John, 277

G

Gage, George, 102,
103
, 105, 108

Gale (Master of St Paul’s School), 354

garden design and landscaping: Dutch, 24, 205, 210–13,
214
, 215–18, 222–6, 231–6,
234
,
236
, 239, 241–2, 244–50, 252–3; and drainage problems, 235, 239; water features, 246; in Brazil, 253–6; financing, 256–7, 260; in Britain, 262

Geldorp, George, 135

Gerbier, Sir Balthasar, 131, 135

Gheyn, Jacob de, sr (Jacob de Gheyn II), 99, 292

Gheyn, Jacob de, jr (Jacob de Gheyn III), 99,
99
, 107–8, 137–8, 292

Glorious Revolution (1688): and William’s invasion, 27–9, 31, 42; and Dutch international aims, 41

Gloucester, Henry, Duke of, 172, 198

Goddard, Jonathan, 274

Goltzius, Hendrik, 126

Good Hope, Cape of, 320

Goree, Guinea, 327

gout: treatment, 341–4,
344

Goyen, Jan Josephszoon van, 126

Graeff, Andries de, 140–2

Great Fire of London (1666), 147; memorial inscription, 353–5

Great Plague (1665), 302, 305

Grebber, Frans Pieter de, 90, 134

Greenwich palace, 206

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 205

Guinea: Holmes sacks Dutch settlements, 285, 288; trading opportunities, 327

Gunpowder Plot (1605), 10

Gunterstein: garden, 246, 249–50, 252

H

Haarlem, Cornelis, 126

Hague, The: admired in England, 81; courts, 81–2, 85–6, 88, 91; building and improvement, 85; Huygens’ house in, 157–8,
158
, 207–8,
209
; plague (1635), 158; English exiles in, 175, 212

Halen, Peter van, 123–4

Halley, Edmond, 310, 315

Hampden, John, 312

Hampton Court: gardens, 50, 224, 226, 248–9, 252; Christiaan Huygens visits, 310

Hanau, Count of, 84

Hanneman, Adriaen, 132,
133
, 134, 188; portrait of William,
133

Harrison, John, 284

Hartlib, Samuel, 316

Hatfield Chase, Lincolnshire, 232, 237–8

Heenvliet, Jan van der Kerckhoven, Lord of, 68

Heidelberg, 86; gardens, 48,
48
, 219, 228–31

Hein, Admiral Piet, 84

Heinsius, Daniel, 354

Held, Julius, 156, 157

Hellevoetsluis, 6, 15

Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I, 70, 72–3, 75, 78, 116, 163, 186–8, 212–13, 351

Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, 108

Herbert, Admiral Arthur, Earl of Torrington, 16

Hesse, Johan van, 172

Hoefnagel family, 98

Hoefnagel, Jacob, 98

Hoefnagel, Joris, 292

Hofwijk, Voorburg (Sir Constantijn Huygens’ estate), 164, 166, 183, 208, 210,
211
, 212–13,
214
, 215–19, 227–8,
229
, 233–4, 245, 308

Hollandine, Louise, 132

Holles, Sir Frescheville,
284

Holmes, Sir Robert, 283–9,
284
, 326–7, 329

Hondius, Hendrik, 126

Honselaarsdijk, 22, 85, 204, 212, 224, 235–7,
236
, 241, 245

Honthorst, Gerrit (Gerard) van, 85, 88, 90, 126, 131, 138

Hoogstraten, Samuel van, 145, 147;
The Slippers
(painting),
146

Hooke, Robert: on William’s invasion, 15; on Prince Rupert’s drops, 203; scientific endeavour, 266; and clock and watch mechanism, 267–8, 279–82, 284, 291, 301, 306; and determination of longitude, 280–1, 285, 288; reputation, 293, 296; Christiaan Huygens jr criticises, 296; in controversy with Auzout, 297–8, 302–3, 305–8; on need for high-quality lenses, 297; involvement with Royal Society, 298–9; lens-making machine, 298–302, 304, 306; as Curator of Experiments at Royal Society, 301, 313; leaves London (1665), 302, 306; supports Stuart royals, 308; career setbacks, 313; lectures at Royal Society, 313–14; work on optics, 313; ill health, 314; on Chinese medical practices, 344–5; and inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire of London, 354; discusses Temple of Solomon with Wren, 357;
Micrographia
, 291–3,
294–5
, 296–300,
299
, 306–7,
307
, 312–13

Hortus Pembrochianus
, 47

Hoskins, Sir John, 315

Hudson, Henry, 321

Huguenots: support William, 31; flee France after revocation of Edict of Nantes, 41

Huis ten Bosch, The Hague, 89–90, 138, 209, 246

Hume, Sir Alexander, 190, 271

Hutchinson, Colonel John, 116

Huygens family, 47,
92
, 93

Huygens, Christiaan, jr: cosmopolitanism, 7; career, 93; and Prince Rupert’s drops, 203; at Hofwijk, 213; mental health problems, 213, 290, 308; requests copy of Evelyn’s
Sylva
from Royal Society, 227; correspondence with Philips Doublet, 245–6; develops and tests watch and clock mechanisms, 263, 266–74,
267
, 276–84, 289–91, 314–15, 329; in France, 264, 308; scientific interests and activities, 264, 266; in England, 274, 309–10, 315; friendship and correspondence with Moray, 274, 277, 300, 306, 308; portrait,
275
; and determination of longitude at sea, 283; questions Holmes’s report, 285–6; and Hooke’s
Micrographia
, 291, 293, 296, 298; interest in microscopy, 292–3; and lens-making, 292, 300; criticises Hooke, 296, 304; and Hooke’s lens-grinding machine, 300–2, 306; in The Hague during Great Plague (1665), 305; retires to father’s estate, 308; elected first overseas member of Royal Society, 309, 316; reads and approves of Newton’s
Principia
, 309; attends Royal Society meetings, 310, 313; audience with William, 310–11; and Newton’s political involvement, 311–12; relations with Newton, 312–13; reputation, 315–16; appointment in Paris, 316; planetary observations, 316–18;
Discours sur la cause de la pesanteur
, 314;
Horologium Oscillatorium
, 284, 289–90;
Systema Saturnium
, 316–17;
Traité de la lumière
, 309, 313

Huygens, Christiaan, sr, 93, 97, 102, 108

Huygens, Constantia
see
Wilhem, Constantia de

Huygens, Sir Constantijn: and William’s invasion, 7; and William’s expectation of English throne, 80; as art adviser to courts, 82–3, 85, 89–90, 112, 118, 125–7, 138–9, 207, 210; career and influence, 91–3, 100, 111–12; portrayed,
92
,
96
,
128
, 131–2, 134, 144,
155
, 156–9, 206,
342
; in England, 94–8, 101, 105–6, 109–10, 166–7, 350; musical virtuosity and activities, 95–8, 159, 163–4, 166, 180, 185–7, 192–3, 354; art interests, 98–9, 107, 109; as personal secretary and adviser to Frederik Hendrik and William II, 100, 110, 126, 152; marriage to Susanna van Baerle, 122, 149, 152, 155–6; commends Rubens’
Head of Medusa
,
125
, 126; praises and encourages Lievens and Rembrandt, 126–9, 131, 137; aids Hanneman, 132; acquires Rembrandt painting, 137; and ‘Dutch Gift’ to Charles II, 139–40, 142–3; attachment to talented women, 149, 163–4, 266; poetry, 149, 153, 157, 160, 210, 215–16, 227, 233, 354; and Susanna’s death, 152–3, 210; and Descartes, 153–4; houses and properties, 157–8,
158
, 164, 166, 183, 204, 207–10,
209
,
211
, 212–13,
214
, 215–17; relations with Anna Morgan, 160–2; and Anglo-Dutch wars, 162; friendship with Killigrews, 166–9; helps Mary Killigrew find house in UP, 173; and Duarte, 178, 180–3; and
Ballet de la Carmesse
, 192; friendship with Lanier, 198; correspondence with Margaret Cavendish, 200–3; and Prince Rupert’s drops, 201–3; architectural interests and taste, 204, 207–8; provides Latin inscription for William the Silent’s tomb, 205; and Rubenshuis, 207; garden designs and interests, 210, 215–19, 224–5, 227,
229
, 230, 233–5; entertains exiled English royals in Netherlands, 212–13; helps broker William-Mary marriage, 212; designs road from The Hague to Scheveningen,
225
, 226; visits Heidelberg, 230; helps finance Vermuyden’s drainage scheme, 238; owns land in England, 238; and daughter Susanna’s wedding, 242–4; pride in son Christiaan, 270; and Hoefnagel family, 292; sends extracts from Hooke’s
Micrographia
to son Christiaan, 296; son Christiaan lives with in old age, 308; and son Christiaan’s career, 315; oversees building of the Mauritshuis in The Hague, 333; and new medical knowledge from overseas, 341–3; attempts to recover money owing from Charles II to William, 351–2; role in Anglo-Dutch collaboration, 352–3; proposes inscriptions for Monument to Great Fire of London, 353–5;
Pathodia Sacra et Profana
(song collection), 159, 163–4, 185

Huygens, Constantijn, jr: on invasion fleet and landing, 7, 9, 11, 14, 46–7; as William’s secretary, 7, 93, 263; portrayed,
9
, 158,
159
; admires English countryside, 18; paintings and drawings, 18,
211
,
214
, 215,
264
; countersigns William’s
Declaration
, 46; accompanies William on journey from Torbay to London, 47–9; on Wilton House gardens, 48; and William’s claim to English throne, 65–6; selects art works from English Royal Collection for William and Mary, 147–8; in Arnhem with mother, 158; and father’s relations with Duarte girls, 163; and Duartes’ art dealing, 183; garden, 242; marriage, 242–3, 246, 273; with William on campaign against French, 290; grinds lenses, 292; status and power in England, 308–9; and brother Christiaan’s visit to England, 309–10; influence at William’s court, 312; and William’s acceptance by English, 349–50

Huygens, Gertruyd
see
Doublet (or Doubleth), Gertruyd

Huygens, Lodewijk: career, 93; in England, 116–17; on low price of paintings in England, 116, 137, 160, 219; with mother in 1635 plague, 158; Anna Morgan’s hospitality to, 160; in First Dutch War, 162; in France, 264; and brother Christiaan, 277

Huygens, Maurits, 152, 211

Huygens, Susanna (
née
Rijkaert; Constantijn jr’s wife), 246

Huygens, Susanna (
née
van Baerle; Sir Constantijn’s wife): marriage, 122, 149–51, 155–6, 159; death, 152–4, 163, 210; and Descartes’ writings, 154; portrait,
155
, 156, 157–8, 206; helps plan family home, 158

Hyde, Anne
see
York, Anne, Duchess of