Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (169 page)

62.
Ibid.; "Vietnam: Who Served and Who Did Not?,"
Wilson Quarterly
(Summer 1993), 127–29; James Fallows, "What Did You Do in the Class War, Daddy?"
Washington Monthly
, Oct. 1975.

63.
Newsweek
, April 25, 1994.

64.
Herring, "War in Vietnam," 90.

65.
Shafer, "Vietnam Combat Experience."

66.
Ibid.

67.
Newsweek
, Feb. 14, 1994, p. 31. Appy,
Working-Class War
, 320, says some 500,000 American veterans of Vietnam suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder, which often lasted for decades.

68.
Michael Delli Carpini, "Vietnam and the Press," in Shafer, ed.,
Legacy
, 125–56; Chester Pach, "And That's the Way It Was: The Vietnam War on the Network Nightly News," in Farber, ed.,
Sixties
, 90–118; James Baughman,
The Republic of Mass Culture: Journalism, Filmmaking, and Broadcasting in America Since
1941 (Baltimore, 1992), 111–14; Kathleen Turner,
Lyndon Johnson's Dual War: Vietnam and the Press
(Chicago, 1985); and William Hammond, "The Press in Vietnam as Agent of Defeat: A Critical Examination,"
Reviews in American History
, 17 (June 1989), 312–23.

69.
Lawrence Lichty, "Comments on the Influence of Television on Public Opinion," in Peter Braestrup, ed.,
Vietnam as History: Ten Years After the Paris Peace Accords
(Washington, 1984); Michael Arlen,
Living-Room War
(New York, 1982); and Hodgson,
America in Our Time
, 150–51. See also Ralph Levering, "Public Opinion, Foreign Policy, and American Politics Since the 1960s,"
Diplomatic History
, 13 (Summer 1989), 383–93.

70.
Morris Dickstein,
The Gates of Eden: American Culture in the 1960s
(New York, 1977), 188; Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, "The Failure and Success of the New Radicalism," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds.,
The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order
, 1930–1980 (Princeton, 1989), 212–42.

71.
For the rise of the Left see John Diggins,
The Rise and Fall of the American Left
(New York, 1992), 173–90; Todd Gitlin,
The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage
(New York, 1987), 83–85; and Winnie Breines, "Whose New Left?,"
Journal of American History
, 75 (Sept. 1988), 528–45.

72.
Important books for these people included Goodman's
Growing Up Absurd: Problems of Youth in the Organized Society
(1960); and Mills,
The Power Elite
(1956). Mills wrote an essay, "Letter to the New Left," in the October 1960 issue of
Studies on the Left
that called on the young to become the vanguard of change. See Priscilla Long, ed.,
The New Left:
A
Collection of Essays
(Boston, 1969), 14–25.

73.
Maurice Isserman,
If I Had a Hammer: The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left
(New York, 1987); Gitlin,
Sixties
, 4–6. The Students for a Democratic Society, for instance, broke away from the Student League for Industrial Democracy in 1960 in large part because the students considered SLID to be caught up in tired sectarian battles against Communism.

74.
W. J. Rorabaugh,
Berkeley at War: The 1960s
(Berkeley, 1989).

75.
So called because it was drafted at an SDS gathering at Port Huron, Michigan. The best source on Hayden and the early SDS is James Miller,
"Democracy Is in the Streets": From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago
(New York, 1987). The Port Huron Statement is reprinted there, 329–74. See also Tom Hayden,
Reunion: A Memoir
(New York, 1988); Gitlin,
Sixties
, 112–26; Diggins,
Rise and Fall
, 198.

76.
Todd Gitlin,
The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley
, 1980), 22–31. Gitlin, an activist for peace in the early 1960s, became president of SDS from mid-1963 to mid-1964. See also Kirkpatrick Sale,
SDS
(New York, 1973).

77.
Kenneth Heineman,
Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era
(New York, 1993); Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan,
Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam
, 1963–1975 (Garden City, N. Y., 1984).

78.
William O'Neill,
Coming Apart: An Informal History of America in the 1960s
(Chicago, 1971), 142.

79.
Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson
, 328–32; Gitlin,
Whole World
, 54.

80.
George Lipsitz, "Youth Culture, Rock 'n' Roll, and Social Crises," in Farber, ed.,
Sixties
, 206–34; Gitlin,
Sixties
, 195–96.

81.
Gitlin,
Sixties
, 261–62; Diggins,
Rise and Fall
, 208.

82.
Gitlin,
Sixties
, 262–69.

83.
Terry Anderson,
The Movement and the Sixties
(New York, 1995), preface (n.p.).

84.
Hodgson,
America in Our Time
, 385–92; Charles De Benedetti, and Charles Chatfield, An
American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era
(Syracuse, 1990).

85.
Diane Ravitch,
The Troubled Crusade: American Education
, 1945–1980 (New York, 1983), 223; Gitlin,
Sixties
, 296. Baskir and Strauss,
Chance and Circumstance
, 4–6, estimate that there were 570,000 "apparent draft offenders" during the ten war years—of 26.8 million who came of draft age at the time.

86.
Arlene Skolnick,
Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty
(New York, 1991), 82–84.

87.
Deficits in the Johnson years rose from $1.41 billion in fiscal 1965 to $3.70 billion in 1966 and to $8.64 billion in 1967. In 1968 they ballooned to $25.1 billion. A tax increase in 1968 helped to bring in much greater revenue, and the federal government ran a small surplus (of $3.2 billion) in 1969. (See
chapter 23
for later figures.)

88.
Flynn,
Lewis B. Hershey
, 176.

89.
Vividly captured by Norman Mailer,
Armies of the Night
(New York, 1968).

90.
Gitlin,
Sixties
, 250–56, 291–93; Flynn,
Lewis
B.
Hershey
, 172–87. It is estimated that 10,000 people ultimately went underground and that 60,000 to 100,000 fled the country. Approximately 9,000 Americans were convicted of draft violations, most from 1967 on; 3,250 of them went to prison. These were not huge numbers, of the 26.8 million who were eligible, but many were defiant, and their activities were widely publicized. Jones,
Great Expectations
, 94; Shafer, "Vietnam Era Draft."

91.
Jones,
Great Expectations
, 94–95.

92.
Shafer, "Vietnam Era Draft."

93.
Joseph Califano,
The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson
(New York, 1991), 196–203. One who was affected was J. Danforth Quayle, later to be Vice-President from 1989 to 1993. He joined the National Guard and avoided Vietnam. Another was Bill Clinton, later President of the United States. Clinton graduated from college in the spring of 1968, and he worried deeply about the draft. After he was called for a draft physical (receiving a classification of
I
-A) in February 1969, he manipulated the system so as to remain in a university and to avoid being called. He then entered the first lottery in December 1969. He received a very low number and never was called.

94.
Califano,
Triumph and Tragedy
, 200–203.

95.
Herring,
America's Longest War
, 182; Gitlin,
Sixties
, 264.

96.
Larry Berman, "Lyndon B. Johnson: Paths Chosen and Opportunities Lost," in Fred Greenstein, ed.,
Leadership in the Modern Presidency
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 134–63; David Culbert, "Johnson and the Media," in Divine, ed.,
Exploring the Johnson Years
, 214–48; Califano,
Triumph and Tragedy
, 167–68.

97.
Herring,
America's Longest War
, 174; Berman,
Lyndon Johnson's War
, 60, 86.

98.
Berman, "LBJ: Paths Chosen," 144; Califano,
Triumph and Tragedy
, 250. By then Johnson had two sons-in-law in the military, one of whom, Marine Captain Charles Robb, was slated to go to Vietnam in 1968.

99.
Berman,
Lyndon Johnsons War
, 183; Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson
, 313–16.

100.
Berman, "LBJ: Paths Chosen," 144–45.

101.
Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson
, 319–20; Conkin,
Big Daddy
, 185–87.

102.
Berman, "LBJ: Paths Chosen," 155; Herring,
America's Longest War
, 176–79.

103.
Berman,
Lyndon Johnson's War
, 38–39.

104.
Berman, "LBJ: Paths Chosen," 155–60.

105.
Berman,
Lyndon Johnsons War
, 27–30.

106.
Ibid., 116.

1.
William Galston, "Practical Philosophy and the Bill of Rights: Perspectives on Some Contemporary Issues," in Michael Lacey and Kurt Haakonssen, eds., A
Culture of Rights: The Bill of Rights in Philosophy, Politics, and Law
(New York, 1991). An important philosophical defense of rights, drawing on the ferment of the 1960s, is John Rawls, A
Theory of Justice
(Princeton, 1971).

2.
Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000
(New York, 1987), 384; Alan Wolfe,
America's Impasse: the Rise and Fall of the Politics of Growth
(New York, 1981), 161; David Calleo,
The Imperious Economy
(Cambridge, Mass., 1982), 201–16; Godfrey Hodgson,
America in Our Time
(Garden City, N.Y., 1976), 245–54. See
chapters 23
and
25
for discussion of these economic problems.

3.
Calleo,
Imperious Economy
, 201–10.

4.
John Witte,
The Politics and Development of the Federal Income Tax
(Madison, 1985).

5.
Carol Shammas, "A New Look at Long-Term Trends in Wealth Inequality in the United States,"
American Historical Review
, 98 (April 1993), 412–31.

6.
Paul Conkin,
Big Daddy from the Pedernales: Lyndon Baines Johnson
(Boston, 1986), 204–6; Doris Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
(New York, 1976), 297.

7.
"Human resources," as defined by the government, include such matters as Social Security, income security (such as AFDC and food stamps), Medicare and Medicaid, public funding for education and training, and benefits for veterans. The sums expended for these purposes increased in current dollars from $26.2 billion in 1960 to $36.6 billion in 1965 to $75.3 billion in 1970 (and to $173.2 billion in 1975). (Most of these increases were for Social Security and Medicare, not for meanstested programs for the poor.) Defense spending rose from $48.1 billion in 1960 to $50.6 billion in 1965, jumped to $81.7 billion in 1970 (and, after dropping a little in the early 1970s, increased slightly to $86.5 billion in 1975).
Statistical Abstract of the United States
, 1994 (Washington, 1994), 330–32. See also
chapters 18
,
23
, and
25
.