Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (171 page)

56.
New York Times
, Jan. 3, 1991.

57.
John Diggins,
The Rise and Fall of the American Left
(New York, 1992), 226.

58.
Randy Roberts and James Olson,
Winning Is the Only Thing: Sports in America Since
1945 (Baltimore, 1989), 167–79; Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 227.

59.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 251–52.

60.
Ravitch,
Troubled Crusade
, 164–74.

61.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 238–42.

62.
Newsweek
, Aug. 7, 1967, p. 28.

63.
Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
(New York, 1968), esp. 1–34; Robert Conot,
Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness
(New York, 1968);
Newsweek
, July 24, 1967, pp. 21–23 (on Newark), and Aug. 7, 1967, pp. 18–26 (on Detroit); Matusow,
Unraveling
, 362–65.

64.
Charles Morris, A
Time of Passion: America
, 1960–1980 (New York, 1984), 117–28.

65.
Sidney Fine,
Violence in the Model City: The Cavanaugh Administration, Race Relations, and the Detroit Race Riot of
1967 (Ann Arbor, 1989).

66.
Arnold Hirsch,
Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago
, 1940–1960 (New York, 1983), 256–58; Thomas Sugrue, "Crabgrassroots Politics: Race Relations and the Fragmentation of the New Deal Coalition in the Urban North, 1940–1960," paper delivered at Brown University, April 1994.

67.
Teaford,
Twentieth-Century American City
, 132–33.

68.
New York Times
, Oct. 23, 1994. By 1980 it had risen further, to 10.1 killings per 100,000.

69.
James Wilson,
Thinking About Crime
(New York, 1983), 98–124; Charles Silberman,
Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice
(New York, 1978), 118–19, 163.

70.
William Julius Wilson,
The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy
(Chicago, 1987); Christopher Jencks and Paul Peterson, eds.,
The Urban Underclass
(Washington, 1991); Jencks,
Rethinking Social Policy: Race, Poverty, and the Underclass
(Cambridge, Mass., 1992), esp. 143–203.

71.
Hodgson,
America in Our Time
, 180–81.

72.
Newsweek
, Aug. 7, 1967, p. 31.

73.
Ibid.

74.
Ibid.

75.
Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson
, 307.

76.
Califano,
Triumph and Tragedy
, 211–12.

77.
Newsweek
, Aug. 7, 1967, p. 31.

78.
Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson
, 305–7.

79.
James Button,
Black Violence: Political Impact of the
1960s
Riots
(Princeton, 1978).

80.
Kirkpatrick Sale,
Power Shift: The Rise of the Southern Rim and Its Challenge to the Eastern Establishment
(New York, 1975), 90–103; Stephen Bates,
Battleground: One Mother's Crusade, the Religious Right, and the Struggle for Control of Our Classrooms
(New York, 1993), 212–14; and Paul Boyer, "A Brief History of the End of Time,"
New Republic
, May 17, 1993, pp. 30–33.

81.
Gitlin,
Sixties
, 210; O'Neill,
Coming Apart
, 242; Diggins,
Rise and Fall
, 210; Matusow,
Unraveling
, 275–307.

82.
Skolnick,
Embattled Paradise
, 92–93.

83.
Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible
, 228.

84.
Rates measure the percentage of all live births delivered by single women. The rates continued to rise, to 48 percent for blacks and 11 percent for whites in 1980 and to 67 percent for blacks and 22 percent for whites in 1993. This was an overall percentage of approximately 30 percent. The increasing rates did not reveal a rise in fertility; birth rates generally (save among unmarried women under 19) went down as the baby boom declined after 1957. Rather, they indicated that higher percentages of women having babies were unmarried. See James Patterson,
America's Struggle Against Poverty
, 1900–1994 (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 240; Murray,
Losing Ground
, 125–28.

85.
Randall Collins and Scott Cottrane,
Sociology of Marriage and the Family
(Chicago, 1991), 157. The divorce rate shot up more after 1968, to 20 per 1,000 married females in 1974.

86.
Concerning problems in schools, see Charles Silberman,
Crisis in the Classroom: The Remaking of American Education
(New York, 1990).

87.
Beth Bailey, "Sexual Revolution(s)," in Farber, ed.,
Sixties
, 235–62.

88.
Jonathan Rieder,
Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism
(Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 63–66, 139.

89.
Frank Levy,
Dollars and Dreams: The Changing American Income Distribution
(New York, 1987), 173.

90.
Patterson,
America's Struggle
, 157–70; Robert Plotnick and Felicity Skidmore,
Progress Against Poverty: A Review of the 1964–1974 Decade
(New York, 1975), 82; Kirstin Gr0nbjerg et al.,
Poverty and Social Change
(Chicago, 1978), 72–88; Edward Berkowitz,
America's Welfare State: From Roosevelt to Reagan
(Baltimore, 1991), 91–152.

91.
Kathryn Hyer, "The Measurement and Meaning of Poverty,"
Social Problems
, 22 (June 1975), 652–62; Mollie Orshansky, "How Poverty Is Measured,"
Monthly Labor Review
, 92 (Feb. 1969), 37–41; Richard Cloward and Richard Elman, "Poverty, Injustice, and the Welfare State,"
Nation
, 202 (March 7, 1966), 264–66.

92.
Rieder,
Canarsie
, 102.

93.
Ibid., 104.

94.
Ibid.

95.
Wilson,
Thinking About Crime
, 64–65.

96.
Silberman,
Criminal Violence
, 161.

97.
Rieder,
Canarsie
, 177, 26.

98.
Colburn and Pozzetta, "Race, Ethnicity." Two books describing such feelings in Boston, a hotbed of conflict over such issues in the 1970s, are J. Anthony Lukas,
Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families
(New York, 1986); and Ronald Formisano,
Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and
1970s (Chapel Hill, 1991).

99.
Rieder,
Canarsie
, 111; Jonathan Rieder, "The Rise of the Silent Majority," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds.,
The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order
, 1930–1980 (Princeton, 1989), 254–55.

100.
Robert Zieger,
American Workers, American Unions
, 1920–1985 (Baltimore, 1986), 169–70.

101.
Hodgson,
America in Our Time
, 483–86; Rieder,
Canarsie
, 98.

1.
George Herring,
America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam
, 1950–1975 (Philadelphia, 1986), 186. Also William Chafe,
The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II
(New York, 1991), 345;
Newsweek
, Feb. 12, 1968, pp. 27–29.

2.
Larry Berman,
Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate in Vietnam
(New York, 1989), 147;
Newsweek
, Feb. 12, 1968.

3.
Todd Gitlin,
The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage
(New York, 1987), 298; Herring,
America's Longest War
, 187; Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 346.

4.
George Herring, "The War in Vietnam," in Robert Divine, ed.,
Exploring the Johnson Years
(Austin, 1981), 50.

5.
Peter Braestrup,
The Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet in Vietnam and Washington
(New York, 1978); John Mueller,
War, Presidents, and Public Opinion
(New York, 1973).

6.
Michael Delli Carpini, "Vietnam and the Press," in D. Michael Shafer, ed.,
The Legacy: The Vietnam War in the American Imagination
(Boston, 1990), 125–56; David Culbert, "Johnson and the Media," in Divine, ed.,
Exploring the Johnson Years
, 214–48; William Hammond, "The Press in Vietnam as Agent of Defeat: A Critical Examination,"
Reviews in American History
, 17 (June 1989), 312–23; Kathleen Turner,
Lyndon Johnson's Dual War: Vietnam and the Press
(Chicago, 1985); and Lawrence Lichty, "Comments on the Influence of Television on Public Opinion," in Peter Braestrup, ed.,
Vietnam as History: Ten Years After the Paris Peace Accords
(Washington, 1984), 158.

7.
Herring,
America's Longest War
, 188–89.

8.
Culbert, "Johnson and the Media," 234. A little later, in March, American soldiers massacred more than 100 civilians at the village of My Lai. This, the only well-documented case of murders on such a scale by Americans, remained unreported until 1969.

9.
See especially Hammond, "Press in Vietnam;" Mueller,
War, Presidents, and Public Opinion;
and Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 358.

10.
Herring,
America's Longest War
, 200–202.

11.
Berman,
Lyndon Johnson's War
, 179; Herring,
America's Longest War
, 194–95.

12.
Berman,
Lyndon Johnson's War
, 180.

13.
Herring,
America's Longest War
, 206.

14.
Ibid., 204–8.

15.
Robert Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement
(New York, 1990), 266–70.

16.
See
chapter 21
.

17.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 270.

18.
John Diggins,
The Rise and Fall of the American Left
(New York, 1992), 221.

19.
Terry Anderson,
The Movement and the Sixties: Protest in America from Greensboro to Wounded Knee
(New York, 1995), 193–98; William Leuchtenburg, A
Troubled Feast: American Society Since
1945 (Boston, 1973), 176; Gitlin,
Sixties
, 306–9; Diggins,
Rise and Fall
, 219.