Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule From the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence (52 page)

Notes

Prologue: The Greek View of Turkish Rule (pp. 1–8)

Chapter 1: Greece Before the Turks (pp. 9–19)

For the Fourth Crusade see Jonathan Phillips’ and Michael Angold’s books of that title, which supplement the material in Steven Runciman’s
A History of the Crusades.
For an account of the following centuries see Peter Lock,
The Franks in the Aegean
. Harold Lurier,
Crusaders as Conquerors, The Chronicle of Morea
is the most accessible translation of the chronicle, and Lurier’s introduction and notes are indispensable. Denis Zakythinos,
Le Despotat grec de Morée
deals mainly with the later part of the period. For the operation of the feudal system in Greece see Peter Topping,
Feudal Institutions as Revealed in the Assizes of Romania.

Chapter 2: 1453 – The Fall of Constantinople (pp. 20–33)

The main eyewitness and contemporary accounts are in J.R.M. Jones’ translations in
The Siege of Constantinople, 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts
; and Nicolo
Barbaro,
Diary of the Siege of Constantinople
(same translator); and in Sphrantzís,
A Contemporary Greek Source for the Siege of Constantinople 1453: The Sphrantzes Chronicle
(translated, with a valuable commentary, by Margaret Carroll). Of the many books describing the siege Steven Runciman,
The Fall of Constantinople
is probably still the best factual account, but see also Roger Crowley,
Constantinople: The Last Great Siege
. For the Byzantine background see Donald M. Nicol,
The Immortal Emperor
; Judith Herrin,
Byzantium
; and A.A. Vasiliev
History of the Byzantine Empire.

Chapter 3: Sultans and Patriarchs (pp. 34–43)

Martin Crusius’ history, his
Turcograecia
, was first published in Basel in 1584, and a facsimile of this original was produced in Modena in 1972. In this edition the original Greek and Crusius’ Latin translation are printed in parallel, and Crusius’ copious and valuable Annotations are included. However it is not easy to read as the Greek is somewhat crabbed and the Latin is full of abbreviations. A clean parallel Greek and Latin text, edited by Niebuhr, was published in Bonn in 1849, but without the Annotations. References are to Crusius,
Turcograecia
and to Crusius, ed. Niebuhr respectively.

The complete works of Yennádhios, in eight volumes, were first published in Paris in 1935, with an invaluable commentary in French. See also the relevant
chapters of Papadopoullos,
The Greek Church and People
; Vacalopoulos,
The Greek Nation
; and Runciman,
The Great Church in Captivity.

For dates of patriarchates see endnotes to Chapter 10.

Chapter 4: The Greek Peasants (pp. 44–52)

Detailed descriptions of the Turkish systems of landholding and taxation are in Inalcik and Quataert,
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
, vol. I; and in Gibb and Bowen,
Islamic Society and the West
. There is a useful summary in McGrew,
Land and Revolution in Modern Greece
, chapter 2, which also describes the Greek peasant’s way of life under Turkish rule. For the devshirme see Vasdravellis,
Klephts, Armatoles and Pirates in Macedonia.

Chapter 5: The Italians in the Aegean (pp. 53–65)

The main sources are, for Chíos, Philip Argenti,
The Occupation of Chios by the Genoese
and
Chius Vincta
; and for the Cyclades, B.J. Slot,
Archipelagus Turbatus
. See also Peter Lock,
The Franks in the Aegean, 1204–1500
; and Apostolos Vacalopoulos,
The Greek Nation, 1453–1669.

Chapter 6: Pirates and Slaves (pp. 66–76)

For piracy in general see Fernand Braudel,
The Mediterranean
, especially vol. II, chapter 7; and Nicholas Rodger,
The Safeguard of the Sea
. Both praise Godfrey Fisher’s
The Barbary Legend
– ‘excellent book’ (Braudel), ‘an exuberant defence of the Barbary corsairs’ (Rodger) – so Fisher was no mere revisionist maverick. For Spain see J.H. Elliott,
Imperial Spain
, for Venice Alberto Tenenti,
Piracy and the Decline of Venice
, and for Greek piracy Vasdravellis,
Klephts, Armatoles and Pirates.

For slaves see Braudel and Fisher as above, plus Inalcik,
The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age
; Inalcik and Quataert,
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
; Faroqhi,
Subjects of the Sultan
; Vacalopoulos,
The Greek Nation
; and Finlay,
Greece Under Othoman and Venetian Occupation
.