Guantánamo (60 page)
Authors: Jonathan M. Hansen
74
ARND, 447, 453, 502.
75
See Captain McCalla's report of Feb. 11, 1902, in Chadwick,
Spanish American War
, 1:376â77.
Spanish American War
, 1:376â77.
76
Sargent,
The Campaign
, 99â100; Reynolds, “Guantánamo Bay,” 125â27.
The Campaign
, 99â100; Reynolds, “Guantánamo Bay,” 125â27.
77
“Spanish Soldiers Starving,”
New York Times
, July 9, 1898, 2.
New York Times
, July 9, 1898, 2.
78
Excerpt from the diary of José Muller y Tejeiro, ARND, 566.
79
Chadwick,
Spanish American War
, 1:312â13.
Spanish American War
, 1:312â13.
80
Sampson to Long, July 28, ARND, 614â15.
81
ARND, 449â50.
82
Robert Huntington Sr. to Robert Huntington Jr., July 29, 1898, Huntington Papers, 1.
83
Keeler,
Journal of Frank Keeler
, 38.
Journal of Frank Keeler
, 38.
84
Ibid., 39; Robert Huntington Sr. to Robert Huntington Jr., June 19, 1898, Huntington Papers, 3.
85
Keeler,
Journal of Frank Keeler
, 13. See also the respectful firsthand description of Enrique Tomas y Tomas, the Cuban colonel in charge of the Cuban contingent, in Burks, “Recall in Cuba,” 58â59.
Journal of Frank Keeler
, 13. See also the respectful firsthand description of Enrique Tomas y Tomas, the Cuban colonel in charge of the Cuban contingent, in Burks, “Recall in Cuba,” 58â59.
86
New York Times
, June 19, 1898, 1.
, June 19, 1898, 1.
87
For evidence to the contrary, see Foner,
Spanish- Cuban-American War
, 1:359â68.
Spanish- Cuban-American War
, 1:359â68.
88
Sargent,
The Campaign
, 2:165â66.
The Campaign
, 2:165â66.
89
Crane,
Dispatches
, 141â42.
Dispatches
, 141â42.
90
Ibid., 146.
91
Ibid., 147.
92
Ibid.
93
New York Times
, June 13, 1898.
, June 13, 1898.
94
Keeler,
Journal of Frank Keeler
, 20â21.
Journal of Frank Keeler
, 20â21.
4 A CRUEL AND AWFUL TRUTH
1
New York Herald
interview with Máximo Gómez, Dec. 31, 1897, 1; GarcÃa quoted in Philip S. Foner,
The Spanish- Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism
, vol. 2 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972), 355.
interview with Máximo Gómez, Dec. 31, 1897, 1; GarcÃa quoted in Philip S. Foner,
The Spanish- Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism
, vol. 2 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972), 355.
2
Carlos GarcÃa Vélez, “Cuba Against Spain,” in
The American-Spanish War: A History by the War Leaders
(Norwich, Conn.: Chas. C. Haskell and Son, 1899), 88â89.
The American-Spanish War: A History by the War Leaders
(Norwich, Conn.: Chas. C. Haskell and Son, 1899), 88â89.
3
Calixto GarcÃa to William Shafter, July 17, 1898, quoted in Foner,
Spanish-Cuban-American War
, vol. 2, 369â70.
Spanish-Cuban-American War
, vol. 2, 369â70.
4
Elihu B. Root, “The Principles of Colonial Policy,” in Robert Bacon and James Brown Scott, eds.,
The Military and Colonial Policy of the United States
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1916), 161â62.
The Military and Colonial Policy of the United States
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1916), 161â62.
5
Walter L. Williams, “United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism,”
Journal of American History
66, no. 4 (March 1980): 811â12.
Journal of American History
66, no. 4 (March 1980): 811â12.
6
Máximo Gómez, Diary, Jan. 8, 1899, at
www.historyofcuba.com/history/gomez.htm
.
www.historyofcuba.com/history/gomez.htm
.
7
Charles Emory Smith, “The War for Humanity,” in Robert I. Fulton and Thomas C. Trueblood, eds.,
Patriotic Eloquence Relating to the Spanish-American War and Its Issues
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1900), 290.
Patriotic Eloquence Relating to the Spanish-American War and Its Issues
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1900), 290.
8
Ibid., 292.
9
Walter Hines Page, “The War with Spain, and After,”
Atlantic Monthly
81 (June 1898): 488.
Atlantic Monthly
81 (June 1898): 488.
10
John Henry Barrows, “The National Peace Jubilee,” in Fulton and Trueblood, eds.,
Patriotic Eloquence
, 14â17.
Patriotic Eloquence
, 14â17.
11
Franklin MacVeagh, “Not Mere Land Expansion,” in Fulton and Trueblood, eds.,
Patriotic Eloquence
, 240â42.
Patriotic Eloquence
, 240â42.
12
John Ireland, “America a World Power,” in Fulton and Trueblood, eds.,
Patriotic Eloquence
, 171â73.
Patriotic Eloquence
, 171â73.
13
Albert J. Beveridge, “March of the Flag,” in Fulton and Trueblood, eds.,
Patriotic Eloquence
, 27.
Patriotic Eloquence
, 27.
14
Ibid., 28â29.
15
William Jennings Bryan, “George Washington,” in Fulton and Trueblood, eds.,
Patriotic Eloquence
, 48â53.
Patriotic Eloquence
, 48â53.
16
Woodrow Wilson, “Education and Democracy,” delivered at Columbia University, May 4, 1907, in Arthur S. Link, ed.,
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson
, vol. 17, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966â1994), 135.
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson
, vol. 17, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966â1994), 135.
17
Herbert Pelham Williams, “The Outlook in Cuba,”
Atlantic Monthly
83, no. 500 (June 1899): 827.
Atlantic Monthly
83, no. 500 (June 1899): 827.
18
Ibid., 829.
19
Alfred Russel Wallace, “America, Cuba, and the Philippines,”
Daily Chronicle
(London), Jan. 19, 1899, 3.
Daily Chronicle
(London), Jan. 19, 1899, 3.
20
Williams, “The Outlook in Cuba,” 830.
21
Ibid., 832â36.
22
Ibid., 833.
23
Leonard Wood, “The Existing Conditions and Need in Cuba,”
North American Review
168, no. 510 (May 1899): 594.
North American Review
168, no. 510 (May 1899): 594.
24
Ibid., 594â95.
25
Ibid., 595.
26
Ibid., 597.
27
Ibid., 601.
28
Leonard Wood, “The Present Situation in Cuba,”
Century Magazine
58, no. 4 (August 1899): 639â40.
Century Magazine
58, no. 4 (August 1899): 639â40.
29
Horatio S. Rubens, “The Insurgent Government in Cuba,”
North American Review
166, no. 498 (May 1898): 562.
North American Review
166, no. 498 (May 1898): 562.
30
Ibid., 563.
31
Ibid.
32
Ibid., 564.
33
Ibid., 566â67.
34
Ibid., 569.
35
Máximo Gómez, Diary, Jan. 1899.
36
“Cubans Turn Bandits,”
Evening News
(San Jose, Calif.), Oct. 5, 1898, 1.
Evening News
(San Jose, Calif.), Oct. 5, 1898, 1.
37
“Cuba's General Resigns,”
New York Journal
, Oct. 13, 1898, 3.
New York Journal
, Oct. 13, 1898, 3.
38
“General Wood Visits Guantánamo,”
New York Times
, Nov. 11, 1898, 4.
New York Times
, Nov. 11, 1898, 4.
39
“Guantánamo's Robinhood,”
Idaho Daily Statesman
(Boise), Dec. 26, 1898, 1.
Idaho Daily Statesman
(Boise), Dec. 26, 1898, 1.
40
“Furnished Arms to Cubans,”
Colorado Springs Gazette
, Dec. 26, 1898, 1; “Guantánamo Commission's Report,”
New York Times
, Jan. 2, 1899, 2; “Investigation at Guantánamo,”
New York Times
, Dec. 28, 1898, 3.
Colorado Springs Gazette
, Dec. 26, 1898, 1; “Guantánamo Commission's Report,”
New York Times
, Jan. 2, 1899, 2; “Investigation at Guantánamo,”
New York Times
, Dec. 28, 1898, 3.
41
“Cubans Are Wrathy,”
Morning Oregonian
(Portland), Jan. 25, 1899, 2.
Morning Oregonian
(Portland), Jan. 25, 1899, 2.
42
Frances J. Higginson to Leonard Wood, Feb. 17, 1902, Leonard Wood Papers, Subject File: Cuba [1898â1902], Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as LWP).
43
Ibid.
44
Albert G. Robinson, “The Work of the Cuban Convention,”
Forum
31, no. 4 (June 1901): 401. Wood's over-optimistic reports of Cuban opinion were the subject of close scrutiny by American journalists, and seem to have caught Secretary of War Root and some members of Congress by surprise. See “Serious Situation in Cuba,”
Springfield Daily Republican
, March 9, 1901, 6; Foner,
Spanish-Cuban-American War
, vol. 2.
Forum
31, no. 4 (June 1901): 401. Wood's over-optimistic reports of Cuban opinion were the subject of close scrutiny by American journalists, and seem to have caught Secretary of War Root and some members of Congress by surprise. See “Serious Situation in Cuba,”
Springfield Daily Republican
, March 9, 1901, 6; Foner,
Spanish-Cuban-American War
, vol. 2.
45
Leonard Wood,
Civil Report on Cuba
, U.S. War Department, Washington, D.C., 1901, 21.
Civil Report on Cuba
, U.S. War Department, Washington, D.C., 1901, 21.
46
Order number 301, Military Governor of Cuba, July 25, 1900, Foreign Relations
of the United States, series available at
digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS
, 1900, 358â59 (hereafter cited as FRUS).
of the United States, series available at
digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS
, 1900, 358â59 (hereafter cited as FRUS).
47
Robinson, “Work of the Cuban Convention,” 401.
48
Order number 455, Military Governor of Cuba, Nov. 9, 1900, in FRUS, 359â60.
49
The text of the Teller Amendment is available at
www.etsu.edu/cas/history/docs/teller.htm
.
www.etsu.edu/cas/history/docs/teller.htm
.
50
Elihu Root to Albert Shaw, Feb. 23, 1901, in LWP.
51
“Cuban Problem Again Acute,”
Pawtucket
(R.I.)
Times
, Jan. 29, 1901, 7.
Pawtucket
(R.I.)
Times
, Jan. 29, 1901, 7.
52
Ibid.
53
Leonard Wood to Elihu Root, Jan. 4, 1901, in LWP.
54
“Cuban Problem Again Acute,” 7.
55
Leonard Wood to Elihu Root, Feb. 27, 1901, in LWP.
56
Robinson, “The Work of the Cuban Convention,” 401.
57
“Report on the Relations Which Should Exist Between Cuba and the United States,” Feb. 26, 1901, in
Foreign Relations of the United States
(trans.), 1902, 361.
Foreign Relations of the United States
(trans.), 1902, 361.
58
Ibid., 362.
59
Ibid., 362â63.
60
The New York Times
cites a February 1 editorial from
La Nación
in support of liberal terms of U.S.-Cuban relations, which includes the lease of two coaling stations;
New York Times
, Feb. 15, 1901, 6; Root to Wood, Feb. 9, 1901, in LWP.
cites a February 1 editorial from
La Nación
in support of liberal terms of U.S.-Cuban relations, which includes the lease of two coaling stations;
New York Times
, Feb. 15, 1901, 6; Root to Wood, Feb. 9, 1901, in LWP.
61
Wood to Root, March 4, 1901, in LWP. “Serious Situation in Cuba,”
Springfield
(Mass.)
Daily Republican
, March 9, 1901, quotes the radical Cuban daily
La Patria
describing how Wood's misinformation on Cuban political sentiment swayed the administration and Congress into adopting Platt.
Springfield
(Mass.)
Daily Republican
, March 9, 1901, quotes the radical Cuban daily
La Patria
describing how Wood's misinformation on Cuban political sentiment swayed the administration and Congress into adopting Platt.
62
Wood to Root, Feb. 27, 1901, in LWP.
63
“Aspects of the Cuban Situation,”
Springfield
(Mass.)
Daily Republican
, April 5, 1901.
Springfield
(Mass.)
Daily Republican
, April 5, 1901.
64
“The Deed Is Done,”
The State
, March 1, 1901, 4.
The State
, March 1, 1901, 4.
65
“The Sovereignty of Cuba,”
New York Times
, Feb. 11, 1901, 6.
New York Times
, Feb. 11, 1901, 6.
66
Ibid.
67
“A Stable Government in Cuba,”
New York Times
, Feb. 18, 1901, 6.
New York Times
, Feb. 18, 1901, 6.
68
Ibid.
69
“Meeting Not Harmonious,”
Columbus Daily Inquirer
, March 29, 1901, 1.
Columbus Daily Inquirer
, March 29, 1901, 1.
70
Foner,
Spanish-Cuban-American War
, 2:603â11.
Spanish-Cuban-American War
, 2:603â11.
71
“Ponencia del Sr. Juan Gualberto Gómez, miembro de la comisión designada para proponer la respuesta a la comunicación del gobernador militar de Cuba,” March 26, 1901, Apéndice H, in Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring,
Historia de la Enmienda Platt
(1961), 235â37.
Historia de la Enmienda Platt
(1961), 235â37.
72
Ibid., 240â41.
73
Ibid., 242â43.
74
Ibid.
75
Ibid.
76
Root's response quoted in Wood to Domingo Méndez Capote, April 3, 1901, in LWP.
77
Informe de la Comisión Designada para Avistarse con el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos, Dando Cuenta del Resultado de sus Gestiones, May 7, 1901, in Leuchsenring,
Historia de la Enmienda Platt
, 251â52.
Historia de la Enmienda Platt
, 251â52.
78
Ibid., 254â55.
79
Adición al Informe Presentado por la Comisión Nombrada el DÃa de Abril Ãl-timo, in Ibid., 263.
80
Comunicación del Gobernador Militar de Cuba, Trasladando el Informe del Secretario de la Guerra de los Estados Unidos, sobre Aceptación de la Enmienda Platt, June 8, 1901, in Leuchsenring,
Historia de la Enmienda Platt
, 271.
Historia de la Enmienda Platt
, 271.
81
Wood to Roosevelt, Oct. 28, 1901, in LWP.
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