Guantánamo (58 page)
Authors: Jonathan M. Hansen
86
Governor Shirley's Address to the Assembly reprinted in
Boston Post-Boy
, Sept. 28, 1741; see also the governor's proclamation of Oct. 16, 1741, Early American Imprints, Series 1: Evans Readex Digital Collections, no. 40244, Widener Library, Harvard University.
Boston Post-Boy
, Sept. 28, 1741; see also the governor's proclamation of Oct. 16, 1741, Early American Imprints, Series 1: Evans Readex Digital Collections, no. 40244, Widener Library, Harvard University.
87
Boston Post-Boy
, Sept. 28, 1741, 2.
, Sept. 28, 1741, 2.
88
Vernon to Newcastle, Nov. 3, 1741,
Original Papers
, 152.
Original Papers
, 152.
89
Ibid.
90
Vernon to Newcastle, Nov. 26, 1741,
Original Papers
, 175.
Original Papers
, 175.
91
Vernon to Newcastle, Dec. 1, 1741,
Original Papers
, 183.
Original Papers
, 183.
92
Stachiw,
Massachusetts Officers and Soldiers
, xxii; Harkness, “Americanism and Jenkins' Ear,” 87n131.
Massachusetts Officers and Soldiers
, xxii; Harkness, “Americanism and Jenkins' Ear,” 87n131.
93
Olga Portuondo,
Guerra in el Caribe, 1741. Derrota británica frente a Santiago de
Cuba
(Santiago: Universidad de Oriente, 1987), 1â24, and Levi Marrero,
Cuba: EconomÃa y sociedad
, S. A. Player, ed. (Madrid: S.A., 1993), 104.
Guerra in el Caribe, 1741. Derrota británica frente a Santiago de
Cuba
(Santiago: Universidad de Oriente, 1987), 1â24, and Levi Marrero,
Cuba: EconomÃa y sociedad
, S. A. Player, ed. (Madrid: S.A., 1993), 104.
94
Guerra Valiente,
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 17; Elliot,
Empires of the Atlantic World
, 233.
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 17; Elliot,
Empires of the Atlantic World
, 233.
95
Guerra Valiente,
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 20â21.
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 20â21.
96
Ibid., 22.
97
On these developments, see Robert S. Smith, “Spanish Mercantilism: A Hardy Perennial,”
Southern Economic Journal
38, no. 1 (July 1971): 8â10, John R. Fisher, “Commerce and Imperial Decline: Spanish Trade with Spanish America, 1797â1820,”
Journal of Latin American Studies
30, no. 3 (Oct. 1998): 461â70, 476.
Southern Economic Journal
38, no. 1 (July 1971): 8â10, John R. Fisher, “Commerce and Imperial Decline: Spanish Trade with Spanish America, 1797â1820,”
Journal of Latin American Studies
30, no. 3 (Oct. 1998): 461â70, 476.
98
Hugh Thomas,
Cuba, or the Pursuit of Freedom
(New York: De Capo, 1998), 73â74.
Cuba, or the Pursuit of Freedom
(New York: De Capo, 1998), 73â74.
99
On the slow development of capitalism in Cuba, see Adelaida Zorina, “On the Genesis of Capitalism in Nineteenth-Century Cuba,”
Latin American Perspectives
2, no. 4 (March 1975): 11â13; and Bergad,
Comparative Histories of Slavery
, 15â18.
Latin American Perspectives
2, no. 4 (March 1975): 11â13; and Bergad,
Comparative Histories of Slavery
, 15â18.
100
Laird W. Bergad, Fe Iglesias GarcÃa, and MarÃa del Carmen Barcia,
The Cuban Slave Market, 1790â1880
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 23â26; Franklin W. Knight, “Origins of Wealth and the Sugar Revolution in Cuba, 1750â1850,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
57, no. 2 (1977).
The Cuban Slave Market, 1790â1880
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 23â26; Franklin W. Knight, “Origins of Wealth and the Sugar Revolution in Cuba, 1750â1850,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
57, no. 2 (1977).
101
Thomas,
Cuba
, 74â77.
Cuba
, 74â77.
102
Thomas,
Cuba
, 74â77; Guerra Valiente,
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 29â33; and Bergad,
Comparative Histories of Slavery
, 16â21.
Cuba
, 74â77; Guerra Valiente,
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 29â33; and Bergad,
Comparative Histories of Slavery
, 16â21.
103
José Guio y Sanchez y Maria Dolores Higueras, eds.,
Cuba Ilustrada: Real Comisión de Guantánamo a la Isla de Cuba, 1796â1802
(Barcelona: Lunwerg Editores, 1991), 43, 53.
Cuba Ilustrada: Real Comisión de Guantánamo a la Isla de Cuba, 1796â1802
(Barcelona: Lunwerg Editores, 1991), 43, 53.
104
Ibid., 53â65.
105
Ibid., 66â67.
106
Guerra Valiente,
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 23â25; Guio y Dolores, eds.,
Cuba Ilustrada
, 67.
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 23â25; Guio y Dolores, eds.,
Cuba Ilustrada
, 67.
107
Guio y Dolores, eds.,
Cuba Ilustrada
, 72â73, 142â43.
Cuba Ilustrada
, 72â73, 142â43.
108
Guerra Valiente,
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 27â29; Imilcy Balboa Navarro, “Guantánamo: de las Tierras del Rey a la Propiedad Contractual,” in Josef Opatrný, ed.,
Cambios y Revoluciones en el Caribe Hispano de los Siglos XIX y XX
(Praga: Editorial Karolinum, 2003), 133â35. Impatience with Spain's refusal to invest in Guantánamo Bay and other ports in Cuba was not limited to Spanish colonists and government officials. Nearly fifty years after Mopox, the editor of the U.S. periodical
De Bow's Review
lamented the empty and undeveloped state of Cuba's many promising harbors. “A great many of these fine harbors, where magnificent cities would long since have sprung up under a good government, are to this day places as deserted as when the isle was first discoveredâ360 years ago. There is now not even a fisherman's hut on their shores” (14, no. 2 [Feb. 1853]: 93).
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 27â29; Imilcy Balboa Navarro, “Guantánamo: de las Tierras del Rey a la Propiedad Contractual,” in Josef Opatrný, ed.,
Cambios y Revoluciones en el Caribe Hispano de los Siglos XIX y XX
(Praga: Editorial Karolinum, 2003), 133â35. Impatience with Spain's refusal to invest in Guantánamo Bay and other ports in Cuba was not limited to Spanish colonists and government officials. Nearly fifty years after Mopox, the editor of the U.S. periodical
De Bow's Review
lamented the empty and undeveloped state of Cuba's many promising harbors. “A great many of these fine harbors, where magnificent cities would long since have sprung up under a good government, are to this day places as deserted as when the isle was first discoveredâ360 years ago. There is now not even a fisherman's hut on their shores” (14, no. 2 [Feb. 1853]: 93).
2 THE NEW FRONTIER
1
Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, Oct. 24, 1823, at
www.memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers
. On the United States's long dalliance with Cuba, see Louis A. Pérez,
Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 39â54 and passim.
www.memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers
. On the United States's long dalliance with Cuba, see Louis A. Pérez,
Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 39â54 and passim.
2
On early British forays into the backcountry, see Eric Hinderaker and Peter C. Mancall,
At the Edge of Empire: The Backcountry in British North America
(Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 92â97 and chap. 5.
At the Edge of Empire: The Backcountry in British North America
(Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 92â97 and chap. 5.
3
Born at Shadwell, Jefferson lived at the Randolph estate at Tuckahoe, along the banks of the James River, north of Richmond, for seven years starting in 1745. He returned to Shadwell at age nine. See Monticello website,
www.monticello.org
.
www.monticello.org
.
4
See query 2, A note on rivers, in Merrill D. Peterson, ed., Thomas Jefferson,
Notes on the State of Virginia
(New York: Library of America, 1984), 133â139, available at
etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng//files/19/57/55/f195755/public/JefVirg.html
.
Notes on the State of Virginia
(New York: Library of America, 1984), 133â139, available at
etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng//files/19/57/55/f195755/public/JefVirg.html
.
5
John Quincy Adams,
Writings of John Quincy Adams
(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917), 373.
Writings of John Quincy Adams
(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917), 373.
6
Note 2, query 4, on mountains, from Jefferson,
Notes on the State of Virginia
(Richmond: J. W. Randolph, 1853), 215. Jefferson was wrong about the origin of the Gulf of Mexico; see chap. 1.
Notes on the State of Virginia
(Richmond: J. W. Randolph, 1853), 215. Jefferson was wrong about the origin of the Gulf of Mexico; see chap. 1.
7
Quoted in Paul Calore,
The Causes of the Civil War
(New York: McFarland, 2008), 200.
The Causes of the Civil War
(New York: McFarland, 2008), 200.
8
Peter S. Onuf,
Jefferson's Empire: The Language of American Nationhood
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 7, 60.
Jefferson's Empire: The Language of American Nationhood
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 7, 60.
9
The great statement of this argument is Federalist 10; Onuf,
Jefferson's Empire
, 54; Drew R. McCoy,
The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); and William Appleman Williams,
Empire as a Way of Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 39, 47.
Jefferson's Empire
, 54; Drew R. McCoy,
The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); and William Appleman Williams,
Empire as a Way of Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 39, 47.
10
Onuf,
Jefferson's Empire
, 80, 82.
Jefferson's Empire
, 80, 82.
11
First Inaugural Address; Onuf,
Jefferson's Empire
, 132.
Jefferson's Empire
, 132.
12
Onuf,
Jefferson's Empire
, 58.
Jefferson's Empire
, 58.
13
Franklin W. Knight, “The Haitian Revolution,”
American Historical Review
105, no. 1 (Feb. 2000): 103â108; Tim Matthewson, “Jefferson and Haiti,”
Journal of Southern History
61, no. 2 (May 1995): 211â13; and Susan Buck-Morss, “Hegel and Haiti,”
Critical Inquiry
26, no. 4 (Summer 2000): 821â37.
American Historical Review
105, no. 1 (Feb. 2000): 103â108; Tim Matthewson, “Jefferson and Haiti,”
Journal of Southern History
61, no. 2 (May 1995): 211â13; and Susan Buck-Morss, “Hegel and Haiti,”
Critical Inquiry
26, no. 4 (Summer 2000): 821â37.
14
Knight, “The Haitian Revolution,” 107â108; Matthewson, “Jefferson and Haiti,” 211â13.
15
Matthewson, “Jefferson and Haiti,” 232â33.
16
Hugh Thomas,
Cuba, or the Pursuit of Freedom
(New York: Da Capo, 1998), 77.
Cuba, or the Pursuit of Freedom
(New York: Da Capo, 1998), 77.
17
Thomas,
Cuba
, 75â80; Louis A. Pérez, Jr.,
Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 70â75.
Cuba
, 75â80; Louis A. Pérez, Jr.,
Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 70â75.
18
Ladislao Guerra Valiente,
Las Huellas del Génesis: Guantánamo Hasta 1870
(Guantánamo: Editorial el Mar y Montaña, 2004), 41; Jacobo de la Pezuela,
Diccionario geográfico, estadÃstico, histórico de la isla de Cuba
, tomo 2 (Madrid: Imprenta del Establecimiento de Mellado, 1863), 497.
Las Huellas del Génesis: Guantánamo Hasta 1870
(Guantánamo: Editorial el Mar y Montaña, 2004), 41; Jacobo de la Pezuela,
Diccionario geográfico, estadÃstico, histórico de la isla de Cuba
, tomo 2 (Madrid: Imprenta del Establecimiento de Mellado, 1863), 497.
19
Oscar Zanetti and Alejandro GarcÃa,
Sugar and Railroads: A Cuban History, 1837â1959
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 66â67.
Sugar and Railroads: A Cuban History, 1837â1959
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 66â67.
20
“Annual Report on Foreign Commerce for the Year Ended September 1865,” GuantánamoâFrancis Badell, Consular Agent, 38 Congress, 2nd sess., serial set vol. 1227, sess. no. 11.
21
Guerra Valiente,
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 44â53.
Las Huellas del Génesis
, 44â53.
22
Ibid., 64â65.
23
Thomas Jefferson, Second Inaugural Address, March 5, 1805, Avalon Project, Yale University, at
avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/jefinau2.asp
.
avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/jefinau2.asp
.
24
On the melting pot, see Jonathan M. Hansen,
The Lost Promise of Patriotism: Debating American Identity, 1890â1920
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 98â99.
The Lost Promise of Patriotism: Debating American Identity, 1890â1920
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 98â99.
25
Thomas Jefferson to the Miami, Potawatomi, Delaware, and Chipeway, Dec. 21, 1808, in Andrew Adgate Lipscomb, ed.,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(Charleston, S.C.: Nabu Press, 2010), 439; Onuf,
Jefferson's Empire
, 51.
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(Charleston, S.C.: Nabu Press, 2010), 439; Onuf,
Jefferson's Empire
, 51.
26
Walter L. Williams, “United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism,”
Journal of American History
66, no. 4 (March 1980): 811â27; Hansen,
The Lost Promise of Patriotism
, chap. 1.
Journal of American History
66, no. 4 (March 1980): 811â27; Hansen,
The Lost Promise of Patriotism
, chap. 1.
27
Williams,
Empire as a Way of Life
, 69; Zoltan Vajda, “Thomas Jefferson on the Character of an Unfree People: The Case of Spanish America,”
American Nineteenth Century History
8, no. 3 (Sept. 2007): 273â92.
Empire as a Way of Life
, 69; Zoltan Vajda, “Thomas Jefferson on the Character of an Unfree People: The Case of Spanish America,”
American Nineteenth Century History
8, no. 3 (Sept. 2007): 273â92.
28
Williams,
Empire as a Way of Life
, 65.
Empire as a Way of Life
, 65.
29
Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, Oct. 24, 1823, Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.
30
James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, June 30, 1823, Jefferson Papers.
31
John Quincy Adams's Account of the Cabinet Meeting of November 7, 1823, available at
www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/jqacab.htm
.
www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/jqacab.htm
.
32
The Monroe Doctrine, Message of President Monroe to Congress, December 2, 1823, in Ruhl T. Bartlett, ed.,
The Record of American Diplomacy: Documents and Readings in the History of American Foreign Relations
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1964), 181â83.
The Record of American Diplomacy: Documents and Readings in the History of American Foreign Relations
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1964), 181â83.
33
Jefferson to William Carmichael, Aug. 2, 1790, at
oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=803&chapter=86781&layout=html&Itemid=27
); Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, May 4, 1806, Jefferson Papers.
oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=803&chapter=86781&layout=html&Itemid=27
); Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, May 4, 1806, Jefferson Papers.
34
John Quincy Adams to Hugh Nelson, April 28, 1823, in Bartlett, ed.,
Record of American Diplomacy
, 231â34.
Record of American Diplomacy
, 231â34.
35
Daniel Webster, Speech on the Panama Mission, U.S. House of Representatives, April 1826, in Robert F. Smith, ed.,
What Happened in Cuba? A Documentary History
(New York: Twayne, 1963), 33â36.
What Happened in Cuba? A Documentary History
(New York: Twayne, 1963), 33â36.
36
Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 36; Louis A. Pérez, Jr.,
Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 104â10; Thomas,
Cuba
, 93â105.
What Happened in Cuba?
, 36; Louis A. Pérez, Jr.,
Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 104â10; Thomas,
Cuba
, 93â105.
37
Zanetti and GarcÃa,
Sugar and Railroads
, 57; Ada Ferrer,
Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868â1898
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 2.
Sugar and Railroads
, 57; Ada Ferrer,
Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868â1898
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 2.
38
See, for example, the intercepted letter presented to the British Parliament from a slave trader to fellow traders warning them to steer clear of Guantánamo.
Philadelphia Inquirer
, Aug. 13, 1825, 3.
Philadelphia Inquirer
, Aug. 13, 1825, 3.
39
Tom Chaffin, “âSons of Washington': Narciso López, Filibustering, and U.S. Nationalism, 1848â1851,”
Journal of the Early Republic
15, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 93â94, 106â108.
Journal of the Early Republic
15, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 93â94, 106â108.
40
Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 38.
What Happened in Cuba?
, 38.
41
Ibid., 41.
42
James Buchanan to Romulus M. Saunders, June 17, 1848, in Bartlett,
Record of American Diplomacy
, 234â37; Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 39â44.
Record of American Diplomacy
, 234â37; Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 39â44.
43
William L. Marcy to Charles W. Davis, March 15, 1854, Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 58â59, cf. 55. Cf. C. Stanley Urban, “Africanization of Cuba Scare,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
37, no. 1 (Feb. 1957): 29â45.
What Happened in Cuba?
, 58â59, cf. 55. Cf. C. Stanley Urban, “Africanization of Cuba Scare,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
37, no. 1 (Feb. 1957): 29â45.
44
Robert E. May,
Manifest Destiny's Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 270â72.
Manifest Destiny's Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 270â72.
45
John Bach McMaster,
A History of the People of the United States
,
from the Revolution to the Civil War
(New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1921), 133â41; Tom Chaffin,
Fatal Glory: Narciso López and the First Clandestine U.S. War Against Cuba
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1996), esp. chap. 2; Robert E. May,
The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002), 24â30.
A History of the People of the United States
,
from the Revolution to the Civil War
(New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1921), 133â41; Tom Chaffin,
Fatal Glory: Narciso López and the First Clandestine U.S. War Against Cuba
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1996), esp. chap. 2; Robert E. May,
The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002), 24â30.
46
Ostend Manifesto, Oct. 18, 1854, in Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 65.
What Happened in Cuba?
, 65.
47
Ibid., 64.
48
Ibid., 66.
49
Ibid.
50
George Fitzugh, “Destiny of the Slave States,”
De Bow's Review
(Sep. 1854), in Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 70; Maturin M. Ballou,
History of Cuba, or Notes of a Traveller in the Tropics
(Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Company, 1954), in Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 72â73.
De Bow's Review
(Sep. 1854), in Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 70; Maturin M. Ballou,
History of Cuba, or Notes of a Traveller in the Tropics
(Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Company, 1954), in Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 72â73.
51
W. H. Holderness to Palmerston, Sept. 22, 1854, in Gavin B. Henderson, ed., “Southern Designs on Cuba, 1854â1857, and Some European Opinions,”
Journal of Southern History
, 5, no. 3 (Aug. 1939): 375â76.
Journal of Southern History
, 5, no. 3 (Aug. 1939): 375â76.
52
Robert Steven Levine,
Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, and the Politics of Representative Identity
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 201â204.
Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, and the Politics of Representative Identity
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 201â204.
53
Delany's planning did not advance farâin the nonfiction world, that is; see Martin Delany, “Annexation of Cuba,”
North Star
, April 27, 1849. It advanced considerably
in his novel
Blake, or the Huts of Africa
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1970), part 2. See also James T. Campbell,
Middle Passages: African American Journeys to Africa, 1787â2005
(New York: Penguin Books, 2006), 72â76.
North Star
, April 27, 1849. It advanced considerably
in his novel
Blake, or the Huts of Africa
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1970), part 2. See also James T. Campbell,
Middle Passages: African American Journeys to Africa, 1787â2005
(New York: Penguin Books, 2006), 72â76.
54
Sean Wilentz, “Who Lincoln Was,”
The New Republic
, July 15, 2009, 24â47.
The New Republic
, July 15, 2009, 24â47.
55
In the immediate antebellum era, annexationist sentiment on Cuba did not cut strictly along sectional lines; see McMaster,
A History of the People of the United States
, 139.
A History of the People of the United States
, 139.
56
“Our Guantánamo Correspondence,”
Weekly Herald
(New York), Dec. 12, 1857, 1.
Weekly Herald
(New York), Dec. 12, 1857, 1.
57
“The Slave Trade,”
Chicago Tribune
, July 9, 1860, 2.
Chicago Tribune
, July 9, 1860, 2.
58
Bradley Michael Reynolds, “Guantánamo Bay, Cuba: The History of an American Naval Base and Its Relationship to the Formulation of United States Foreign Policy and Military Strategy Toward the Caribbean, 1895â1910,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California, 1982, 22.
59
Ferrer,
Insurgent Cuba
, 15â17.
Insurgent Cuba
, 15â17.
60
Ibid., 47â56.
61
Ulysses S. Grant, Annual Message to Congress, Dec. 7, 1875, in Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 82â84; Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 85â87; Pérez,
Cuba
, 129â35; and Thomas,
Cuba
, 271â72.
What Happened in Cuba?
, 82â84; Smith,
What Happened in Cuba?
, 85â87; Pérez,
Cuba
, 129â35; and Thomas,
Cuba
, 271â72.
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