Harold (46 page)

18.
ASC
C/D 1066,
JW
1066, F. Stevenson and C.B.F. Walker,
Halley’s Comet in History
(London, 1985), p. 57, Wilson,
Bayeux
, pl. 32,
WJ
, p. 163,
WP
, p. 208 (36).

19.
ASC
C/D 1066,
JW
1066,
DB Hampshire
, 1: 14 and 5, and 9: 2 for Tosti’s lands on the Isle of Wight. Ibid. records nine estates held by Tosti, all in the extreme west of the island, while
DB Sussex
lists only one and
DB Kent
none.

20.
ASC
C/D 1066,
JW
1066,
ASC
C/D 1066,
WP
, p. 154 [7].

21.
ASC
C/D 1066,
JW
1066, Galbraith,
Domesday Book
, p. 176, Hill,
Atlas
, maps 179 and 181 combined, reveal the extent of these holdings, C.W. Hollister,
Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest
(Oxford, 1962), p. 122 and Hooper, ‘Some Observations’, p. 22 for the fleet.

22.
ASC
C/D/E 1066,
JW
1066, Hardy and Martin,
Gaimar
, p. 219,
DB Lincolnshire
1: 65, 30: 1 for Tosti’s lands and Ibid. 36: 3 for Copsi’s lands.

23.
ASC
C 1066,
JW
1066,
WP
, p. 154 [7],
DB Norfolk
, 10: 76 and 77. F.M. Stenton, ‘St Benet of Holme and the Norman Conquest’,
EHR
, XXXVII (1922), pp. 227, 233 and Hooper, ‘Some Obsevations’, pp. 24–5,
DB Sussex
, 5: 2. Douglas,
William
, p. 186.

24.
WJ
, p. 165,
WP
, pp. 156 [8], 186 [12], Brown,
Norman Conquest
, No. 171, pp. 134–44.

25. Douglas,
William
, p. 188, Barlow,
Feudal Kingdom
, p. 77, Brown,
Normans
, pp. 147–8.

26.
WP
, p. 154 [7], Genealogical Table 1 for Harold and Swein.
Annales Corbiensis in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores
, ed. G.H. Pertz (Hannover, 1857), Vol. III, p. 6 and Wissolik, ‘Saxon Statement’, p. 71.

27.
WP
, pp. 152–4 [7], Douglas,
William
, pp. 187–8, Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 586, Brown,
Normans
, pp. 148–9, Barlow,
Feudal Kingdom
, pp. 78–9.

28. Morton, ‘Pope Alexander’, pp. 362–82], H.E.J. Cowdrey,
The Age of Abbot Desiderius
(Oxford, 1983), pp. 118–22 for the political scene.

29.
EHD II
, No. 81, pp. 649–50 for the Penitential Ordinance, Douglas,
William
, p. 187, Bates,
William
, p. 65, Brown,
Normans
, p. 148, Barlow,
Feudal Kingdom
, p. 79, Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 586 for other views. Stevenson,
Malmesbury – Norman Kings
, p. 17 for Harold’s lack of response.

30.
WP
, pp. 158–160 [8], Bates,
William
, p. 65 for this date. There exists no clear date for this event. Douglas,
William
, pp. 193, 398 places it on 12 September, but based on a later source. Douglas,
William
, p. 193, Bates,
William
, p. 66, Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 588.

31.
ASC
C 1066,
JW
1066, N. Hooper ‘The Anglo-Saxons at War’ in S.C. Hawkes (ed.),
Weapons and Warfare in Anglo-Saxon England
(1989), p. 195, Douglas,
William
, p. 192, Brown,
Normans
, p. 144, Barlow,
Feudal Kingdom
, p. 80, Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 588, R.A. Brown, ‘The Battle of Hastings’,
Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, 1980
(1981), p. 7, J. Gillingham, ‘William the Bastard at War’ in C. Harper-Bill
et al.
,
Studies
, pp. 156–7 disagrees with this opinion. If Douglas’ dating is correct, it was in fact less than two full months.

32.
ASC
C/E 1066,
DB Essex
, 6: 9.

33.
JW
1066.
ASC
C 1014.

1.
ASC
D 1066.

2. B. and P. Sawyer,
Medieval Scandinavia
(Minneapolis, 1993), pp. 54–8 and P.H. Sawyer, ‘The Wealth of England in the Eleventh Century’,
TRHS
, 5th Series, 15 (1965), pp. 145–64.

3.
AB
, pp. 107–8, Jones,
Vikings
. pp. 400–5.

4.
AB
, p. 124,
King Harald’s Saga
, tr. M. Magnusson and H. Palsson (Harmondsworth, 1966), pp. 9–39, K. Skaare,
Coins and Coinage in Viking Age Norway
(Oslo, 1976), pp. 65-8.

5.
AB
, pp. 124, 127–9, Jones,
Vikings
, pp. 405–6, Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, pp. 48–63 for the saga account. S. Blondal and B.S. Benedikz,
The Varangians of Byzantium
(Cambridge, 1978), pp. 54–102, and H.R.E. Davidson,
The Viking Road to Byzantium
(London, 1976), pp. 207–29 for the historical basis.

6. Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, pp. 68, 70, where Thjodolf’s verses indicate a warlike stance between the two Norwegians followed by the sharing of the kingdom, and p. 73, a verse by Bolverk, which admits Harald made payment to Magnus for a share of the kingdom.
AB
, pp. 122–4 for an account heavily biased in favour of Swein of Denmark who of course did
not
control either England or Norway. Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, pp. 79–80, 122–4 for verses on this war. Skaare,
Coins
, pp. 106–8, Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, pp. 62–6, P. Grierson,
Coins of Medieval Europe
(London, 1991), pp. 74–5, Skaare,
Coins
, pp. 65–8 for Harald’s wealth and coinage.

7.
WP
, p. 166 [9],
AB
, pp. 158–9 and Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, pp. 135–6, Jones,
Vikings
, pp. 406–8.

8. Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, pp. 127–9 in Thjodolf’s verses, Hardy and Martin,
Gaimar
, p. 164,
ASC
C 1066,
JW
1066.

9. Stokes,
Tigernach
1058 for this earlier invasion.
AB
, p. 128,
ASC
C 1066,
JW
1066 for this surprise and
ASC
D 1045,
JW
1045 for knowledge of Magnus’s invasion plans. Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 588, Barlow,
Feudal Kingdom
, p. 76, Douglas,
William
, p. 180 and Brown, ‘Hastings’, p. 7,
WP
, p. 166 (29), Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, p. 137 for the Norwegian claim.

10.
ASC
C/D 1066 where Tosti submits to King Harald.

11.
ASC
C/D/E 1066,
JW
1066, Stevenson,
Simeon – Kings of England
1066 names the landing place.

12.
ASC
D/E 1066, Kapelle,
North
, pp. 103–4 errs in placing the fall of York before the battle of Fulford. Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 589, Douglas,
William
, p. 193, Brown,
Normans
, p. 155, Barlow,
Feudal Kingdom
, p. 80.

13.
ASC
C 1066,
JW
1066, Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, p. 144 for mention of Waltheof.
DB Yorkshire
, C28 for Fulford, Kapelle,
North
, p. 104 for the folly.

14.
ASC
C/D/E 1066,
JW
1066, Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, pp. 143–4.

15.
ASC
C 1066,
JW
1066, Douglas,
William
, p. 193, Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 589, Brown,
Normans
, p. 156, Whitelock, ‘Dealings of the Kings’, p. 88 for Northumbrian separatism but
EHD I
, No. 52, p. 476, Wilkinson, ‘Separatism’, pp. 516–26 and F.M. Stenton, ‘The Danes in England’ in D.M. Stenton (ed.),
Preparatory to Anglo-Saxon England
(Oxford, 1970), p. 161 for another view.

16.
ASC
C/D/E 1066 and
JW
1066 imply that word of the Norwegian landing at York was sent to Harold, but he was probably already aware of their earlier progress along the coast.
DB Worcestershire
, 26: 16,
DB Essex
, 6: 15, Barlow,
Edward
, p. 262 for this story recorded by Osbert of Clare in 1138.

17. R.P. Abels,
Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England
(London, 1988), pp. 160–70 and N. Hooper ‘Anglo-Saxon Warfare on the Eve of the Conquest: A Brief Survey’
Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, 1977
(1978), pp. 84–6, N. Hooper, ‘The Housecarls in the Eleventh Century’,
Anglo-Norman Studies
, VII (1984), pp. 161–76 for
huscarls
. I favour Hooper’s initial view of the housecarls as distinct from
thegns
and the
fyrd
. Hollister,
A-S Military Institutions
, pp. 38–102, Abels,
Lordship
, pp. 176–84 and Hooper, ‘A-S Warfare’, pp. 87–9 for the
fyrd
.

18.
ASC
C 1066.
ASC
D/E 1066 relate events in a compressed form which omits this distinction.
EHD I
, No. 49, Item 71 and R.H.C. Davis,
The Medieval Warhorse
(London, 1989), pp. 74–5 for extra horses. Hooper, ‘A-S Warfare’, pp. 84–93 but also R. Glover, ‘English Warfare in 1066’,
EHR
, LXVII (1952), pp. 1–18 for use of horses in war. B.S. Reilly,
The Kingdom of Leon-Castille under Alfonso VI
(Guildford, 1988), p. 149 and B. Bachrach, ‘The Angevin Strategy of Castle Building in the Reign of Fulk Nerra, 987–1040’,
AHR
, 88 (1983), p. 542 for the rates of travel.

19.
DB Kent
, D3 for mounted royal messengers.

20.
ASC
C/D 1066, Kapelle,
North
, pp. 104–5, Brown,
Normans
, p. 156 and Whitelock, ‘Dealings of the Kings’, p. 88 for Northumbrian separatism but refuted by Wilkinson, ‘Separatism’, pp. 504–26.

21.
ASC
C 1066,
JW
1066,
DB Yorkshire
, 4E2 for Catton.

22. Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 590 and Jones,
Vikings
, pp. 413–14.

23.
ASC
C/D/E 1066, I. Atkinson,
The Viking Ships
(Cambridge, 1979), p. 26,
Mariani Scotti Chronicon – Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores
ed. G.H. Pertz (Hannover, 1844), Vol. V, p. 559.

24. Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, pp. 150, 152.

25.
ASC
C/D 1066,
JW
1066, Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, pp. 151–52, Hooper, ‘A-S at War’, p. 200 but Glover, ‘Warfare’, pp. 1–18 for an alternate view.

26. Magnusson and Palsson,
Harald’s Saga
, p. 153. (Reproduced by permission of Penguin Books Ltd)

27. Jones,
Vikings
, p. 413.

28.
VER
, p. 89 This poem was subsequently turned into a form more critical of Harold and particularly of his role in Tosti’s death.
WP
, pp. 170 [10], 202 [15] for a Norman appreciation of this victory. Barlow,
Feudal Kingdom
, pp. 80–1, Douglas,
William
, p. 194.

29. Brown, ‘Hastings’, pp. 7–8 and Hooper, ‘A-S at War’, p. 193 for the impressive nature of English military organization, but also Brown, ‘Hastings’, pp. 6–7.

1. Wilson,
Bayeux
, pl. 71.

2.
JW
1066,
ASC
D 1066,
WJ
, p. 167 and
WP
, pp. 160–4 [89].

3.
WP
, pp. 160–2 [8], Gillingham, ‘William’, pp. 155–7, Douglas,
William
, pp. 193–6, Bates,
William
, p. 66.

4.
WJ
, p. 167,
WP
, p. 168 [9-10],
ASC
D/E 1066,
JW
1066, Wilson,
Bayeux
, pls 42–51, Gillingham, ‘William’, pp. 157–8.

5. Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 592 and Bates,
William
, p. 67, Gillingham, ‘William’, pp. 148–54. Douglas,
William
, pp. 213–15, 219–20 for William’s use of mobility on other occasions.

6.
WP
, p. 170 [10],
DB Sussex
, 5: 1.

7.
ASC
E 1066 where Harold came from the ‘north’ to the battle.
JW
1066.

8. Knowles
et al.
,
Heads
, p. 81 for Abbot Aelfwig and
ASC
E 1066 for Abbot Leofric.
EHD II
, No. 223, pp. 964–8 (Abingdon Chronicle) for the men of Abingdon including Thurkill of Kingston and Sheriff Godric.
DB Huntingdonshire
, D7 for those of St Benets and
EHD II
, No. 238, p. 983 for Bury’s tenants. J. Backhouse, D.H. Turner, L. Webster (eds),
The Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon Art
(London, 1984), p. 198 where a twelfth-century martyrology of St Augustine’s records a tradition of the fall of Harold with ‘very many of our brethren’. This last may refer to men of the abbey but perhaps simply to fellow Englishmen.
DB Suffolk
, 76: 20, 31: 50 and
DB Hampshire
, 69: 16 for these men.

9.
JW
1066,
ASC
D 1066, Hardy and Martin,
Gaimar
, p. 222, Kapelle,
North
, p. 105,
JW
1066 but here the later compiler of this source seems to draw an inference not found in the more contemporary Chronicles.

10.
ASC
D 1066.

11.
ASC
D/E 1066,
JW
1066, Brown, ‘Hastings’, p. 8, Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 592, Douglas,
William
, pp. 196–8, Bates,
William
, p. 68.

12.
JW
1066,
WP
, p. 180 [11], reinforced by even later accounts like that of Stevenson,
Malmesbury – Norman Kings
, p. 18. Darby,
Domesday England
, pp. 243–5 for the effect of Norman raids in Sussex.

13.
WJ
, p. 167,
WP
, pp. 172–8 [10–11], 180 [11], Gillingham, ‘William’, pp. 159–60.

14. Douglas,
William
, pp. 216–17, Bates,
William
, pp. 76–7, Barlow,
Feudal Kingdom
, pp. 87–8, Brown,
Normans
, pp. 43–5 and Gillingham, ‘William’, pp. 155–6 for the Breton expedition.