Harold (43 page)

4. Williams, ‘Land and Power’, pp. 171–3, Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 11–20, 47, Barlow,
Edward
, pp. xxi–xxii, Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 1–12 for these problems. Williams, ‘Land and Power’, p. 177, Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 17–18 and Davies, ‘Lands of Harold’, pp. 6–17 for the problem of deceased owners.

5. Davies, ‘Lands of Harold’, Parts II and III, Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 18–23 and Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, Chapter 1 for possible sources of land.

6.
EHD I
, No. 129, pp. 593–6 for this will.
EHD I
, No. 51, pp. 468–9 for a
thegn’s
minimum estate of 5 hides.

7.
DB Sussex
entries, Williams,
Land and Power
, pp. 176–7, Davies, ‘Lands of Harold’, pp. 29–31, Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 164–205 for Sussex.

8. Lawson,
Cnut
, p. 188 for Godwine’s position under Cnut. Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 39–42 and Mack, ‘Changing Thegns’, pp. 375–87 for Cnut’s actions.

9. Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 89–90, Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 169–91, Davies, ‘Lands of Harold’, pp. 19–23 and Williams, ‘Land and Power’, p. 175 for these earldom lands.

10. Whitelock,
Anglo-Saxon Wills
, pp. 22–5 and Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 42–7 for these bequests.
Chronicon Abbatiae Rameseiensis
, ed. W.D. Macray (London, 1886), p. 129. Williams
et al.
,
Dark Age Britain
, pp. 8, 9, 12 for these nobles.
VER
, p. 33 for Folkstone.

11. Sawyer,
A-S Charters
, Nos 970 and 1022 for these grants. Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 90–5 and Davies, ‘Lands of Harold’, pp. 112–14 for the royal demesne.
DB Gloucestershire
, 1: 63 for Woodchester.

12. Whitelock,
Anglo-Saxon Wills
, pp. 84–7, Williams, ‘Land and Power’, pp. 173–4 for Harold in East Anglia.

13. Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 76, 91, 96–8, Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 181–91 for the lands in East Anglia.
The Waltham Chronicle
, ed. L. Watkiss and M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1994), pp. 25–7 for Athelstan.

14. The relevant
DB Suffolk
,
Essex
,
Huntingdonshire
and
Cambridgeshire
entries, Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 273–9 for Edith’s lands.
DB Cambridgeshire
shows Harold in possession of land valued at £36 only.

15.
ASC
C 1049,
ASW
, Nos 78 and 79, pp. 345–6 for Beorn.

16. Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 181–2, 184–91 and relevant
DB Norfolk
,
Suffolk
,
Essex
and
Cambridgeshire
entries for Harold’s men.
DB Essex
, 34: 28 for Wulfric. Williams, ‘Land and Power’, p. 179 for Leofwine of Bacton.
DB Norfolk
, 30: 16 and Williams, ‘Land and Power’, pp. 179–80 for Eadric the Steersman.
DB Suffolk
, 6: 92 for Stanwine.

17.
DB Essex
, 30: 16 for Leighs,
WC
, pp. 25–7 and Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 243–9 for Ansgar.
DB Suffolk
, 6: 92 and Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 283–302 for Eadric of Laxfield.
EHD II
, No. 187, pp. 903–4 for this bequest and
DB Norfolk
, 35: 16 for Fritton.
EHD II
, No. 189, pp. 905–6 and No. 184, pp. 901–2 for these bequests.

18.
ASC
C/D/E 1051 and 1052.

10. Williams, ‘Land and Power’, p. 177 for Gytha.
DB Hampshire
, 31: 1 for Polhampton. Williams, ‘Land and Power’, pp. 174–5, Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 89–90 and Davies, ‘Lands of Harold’, Part III for Harold in Wessex.

20.
ASC
C 1053, Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 98, 102, Davies, ‘Lands of Harold’, pp. 44–9 for retention of supposed comital estates. Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, p. 102 speaks of lands ‘likely’ to be so and Williams, ‘Land and Power’, p. 174 of lands ‘presumably’ so.
DB Suffolk
, 3: 55 for Gyrth. Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 41–2 for the disruption resulting from the Danish conquest.

21. Appendix Two for Ralph’s earldom but Williams, ‘King’s Nephew’, pp. 327–43 for a different view. Williams, ‘Land and Power’, p. 172, Davies, ‘Lands of Harold’, pp. 40–4 and Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 179–81 for Harold’s lands. Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, p. 89 and Williams, ‘Land and Power’, pp. 174–5 for possible comital holdings.

22.
DB
relevant entries and Clarke,
English Nobility
, relevant entries. Williams, ‘Land and Power’, p. 180 and Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, p. 95 for these men.

23.
DB Kent
, p. 20,
DB Dorset
, 27: 2, Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 237–8, Williams, ‘Land and Power’, pp. 180–1 for these men.

24.
VER
, p. 33 and
DB Gloucestershire
, 1: 63 for this story and Whitelock,
Beginnings
, pp. 87–8 for the curse. However, it should be noted that King Edward himself held the lands of Berkeley in 1066 as noted in
DB Gloucestershire
, 1: 15. Davies, ‘Lands of Harold’, pp. 73–8, Williams, ‘Land and Power’, pp. 181–2, Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 84–6, and E.A. Freeman,
A History of the Norman Conquest of England
, 6 vols (Oxford, 1870), Vol. II, pp. 542–2 for these cases.
DB Cornwall
, 4: 21 and
ASW
, pp. 275–76
DB Wiltshire
, 23: 7.
DB Dorset
, 1: 30.
DB Surrey
, 2: 3, and
DB Kent
, p. 20 for these phrases.

25. Williams, ‘Land and Power’, p. 182 and
DB Worcestershire
, App V, G14, 15, 17 and 20 for seizures of land from the bishopric of Worcester by Leofric and his family and followers.
DB Kent
, p. 20,
DB Dorset
, 19: 14,
DB Sussex
, 10: 63,
DB Surrey
, 2: 3,
DB Hertfordshire
, 1: 1,
DB Herefordshire
, 2: 8, 19: 8. Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 189–92 for cases of the misappropriation of church land by Normans including Odo Bishop of Bayeux, King William’s own half-brother.

26. Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, pp. 84, 170 for the view that Harold seized this estate before Edward’s death.
ASW
, pp. 275–6 and Lawson,
Cnut
, p. 149 for these lands as a personal gift by Cnut to Duduc his priest, who subsequently became Bishop of Wells and on his death bequeathed them to the bishopric.
ASW
, No. 71, pp. 284–5,
DB Kent
, p. 20,
DB Herefordshire
, 2: 8. Clarke,
English Nobility
, pp. 169–91 for these statistics.

27. Davies, ‘Lands of Harold’, p. 88,
DB Essex
, 30: 16 and
DB Suffolk
, 16: 35, 36: 8 and 16 for Scalpi. Williams, ‘Land and Power’, pp. 178–9,
DB Middlesex
, 8: 3,
DB Hertfordshire
, 17: 13 and
DB Essex
, 28, 1 and Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, p. 86 n. and p. 170 n. for Gauti. Davies, ‘Lands of Harold’, p. 83 and
DB Gloucstershire
, 1: 66 for Tofi.
DB Berkshire
, 1: 45 for Brihtward and
DB Surrey
, 5: 27 for Leofgar.

28.
DB Surrey
, 6: 5 for Pyrford,
VER
, p. 8,
ASC
D 1063,
JW
1064 for the spoils of Harold’s Welsh campaign and Stevenson,
Malmesbury – Before the Conquest
p. 216 for the spoils of Stamford Bridge.

29.
DB Essex
, 1: 26.
ASC
C/D/E 1056 for Leofgar.

30.
WP
, p. 224 (38) and
William of Malmesbury – A History of the Norman Kings
, tr. J. Stevenson (Lampeter, 1989), pp. 19–20 for the banner.
WC
, p. 33, Wilson,
Bayeux
, pls 3–6 and 27–31.
VER
, p. 21 and
JW
1040 record equivalent gifts of fully equipped ships presented by Godwine to King Hardecnut and King Edward.
VER
, p. 87 and
ASC
D 1063 for the Welsh spoils and
ASC
D 1065 for the hunting lodge.

31. Williams, ‘Land and Power’, pp. 182–4 and Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, p. 51 for Harold’s grants.
VER
, p. xlix n. and
William of Malmesbury – De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum
, ed. N.E.S.A. Hamilton (London, 1870), pp. 182–3, Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, p. 51 n.
The Chronicle of Hugh Candidus
, ed. W.T. Mellows (London, 1949), p. 70, Barlow,
English Church
, p. 60 n. Williams, ‘Land and Power’, pp. 183–4 for details.

32.
WC
, pp. 3–27.
Three Lives of the Last Englishmen
, tr. M. Swanton (London, 1984), pp. 5–10. Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, p. 57 for the history. Swanton,
Three Lives
, p. 5 for the miraculous cure.
WC
, pp. 33–7, Swanton,
Three Lives
, pp. 7–8, E.C. Fernie, ‘The Romanesque Church of Waltham Abbey’,
JBAA
, CXXXVIII (1985), pp. 48–87, P.J. Huggins, K.N. Bascombe and R.M. Huggins, ‘Excavations of the Collegiate and Augustinian Churches, Waltham Abbey, Essex 1984–87’,
Archaeological Journal
, CXLVI (1989), pp. 476–537, and P.J. Huggins, K.N. Bascombe, and R.M. Huggins, ‘Excavations at Waltham Abbey, Essex 1985–1991: Three Pre-Conquest Churches and Norman Evidence’,
Archaelogical Journal
, CXLIX (1992), pp. 282–343 for the church buildings. I am grateful to Miss Dinah Dean for pointing out this last article.

33.
WC
, pp. 27–38 and Swanton,
Three Lives
, p. 8 for the staff.
WC
, pp. 29–31 and relevant
DB
entries for these lands. S. Keynes, ‘Regenbald the Chancellor’,
Anglo-Norman Studies
, X (1988), pp. 201–3 and R. Ransford,
Early Charters of the Augustinian Canons of Waltham Abbey, Essex 1062–1230
(Woodbridge, 1989), pp. xxiii–xxlv, 3–4 for a genuine source behind the later copy of Edward’s confirmation charter of 1062.
WC
, p. 33 for these gifts and Swanton,
Three Lives
, p. 8 for the looting of many of them by William.
VER
, pp. 112–15 for Edward’s gifts to St Peter’s at Westminster. M.E.C. Walcott ‘Inventory of Waltham, Holy Cross’,
TEAS
, 5 (1873), p. 261 and Fleming,
Kings and Lords
, p. 57 n. 32 for the inventory.

34.
WC
, pp. xliii–xlviii and Swanton,
Three Lives
for their preservation of Harold’s memory into the thirteenth century. Compton,
Harold
, p. 31 for these place-names.

1.
ASC
C/D 1065.

2.
ASC
D 1051,
ASC
C/E 1049,
WJ
, p. 171 and
WP
, p. 10.

3.
ASC
C/D/E 1052,
VER
, p. 45.

4.
ASC
C/D/E 1016 and 1057, Stafford,
East Midlands
, p. 127.

5.
ASC
C/D 1054,
JW
1054, Barlow,
Edward
, pp. 215–16. T. Reuter,
Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056
(Harlow, 1991), p. 255, Z.J. Kozstolnyik,
Five Eleventh-Century Hungarian Kings
(New York, 1981), p. 75.

6.
ASC
C/D/E 1055,
JW
1055,
VER
, p. 49,
ASC
D 1054.

7. Maund,
Ireland
, pp. 133–8,
Orderic Vitalis – The Ecclesiastical History
, ed. M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1969), Volume II, Books III and IV, pp. 138, 216.
DB Warwickshire
, 6: 5.
ASC
C/D/E 1055.

8.
ASC
C/D/E 1055,
JW
1055,
ASC
C 1056,
JW
1056.

9.
ASC
C/D/E 1055,
JW
1055, Maund,
Ireland
, pp. 134–5,
Brut y Tywysogyon – Peniarth Ms 20 Version
, tr. T. Jones (Cardiff, 1952), p. 14, Williams
et al.
,
Dark Age Britain
, pp. 145–6, Maund,
Ireland
, pp. 64–8, D. Walker,
Medieval Wales
(Cambridge, 1990), p. 17.
DB Herefordshire
, 1: 49.

10.
ASC
C/D/E 1055,
JW
1055.

11.
ASC
C/D/E 1055,
JW
1055,
VER
, p. 51, C.N.L. Brooke,
The Church and the Welsh Border in the Central Middle Ages
(Woodbridge, 1986), pp. 10–11, 92–3 for the loss of Archenfield to Gruffydd, which I would date after the 1055 raid, rather than 1056.
DB Cheshire
, B7 for the lands beyond the Dee being given to Gruffydd by King Edward, no date is given for this, although 1055 is possible, 1058 would seem the more likely time.

12.
ASC
C/D 1056,
JW
1056,
ASC
D 1049.

13.
ASC
C/D 1056.

14.
ASC
C/D/E 1056,
JW
1056 record his death (C and D mistakenly naming him Cona) and both D and E have the return of Edward the Exile as their next entry. C has no further entries until 1065. Reuter,
Germany
, p. 255, Kozstolnyik,
Hungarian Kings
, P. Grierson, ‘A Visit of Earl Harold to Flanders in 1056’,
EHR
, LI (1936), pp. 90–7,
VER
, p. 53.

15. N. Rogers, ‘The Waltham Abbey Relic-List’ in Carola Hicks (ed.),
England in the Eleventh Century
(Stamford, 1992), pp. 165–6.

16.
ASC
D/E 1057.
ASC
p133 note 6 for this death as one of the unsolved mysteries of the period followed by Douglas,
William
, pp. 71–2, Brown,
Normans
, p. 126, and Stenton,
A-S England
, p. 571.

17.
VER
, pp. xxvi–xxvii, lxvi. and N. Hooper ‘Edgar the Atheling: Anglo-Saxon Prince, Rebel and Crusader’,
Anglo-Saxon England
, 14 (1985), p. 202 for a later tradition that Edward commended Edgar to the magnates as his heir.
ASC
D 1066.

18.
ASC
D/E 1057,
JW
1057.
VER
, p. 51 suggests Gyrth may have initially received only Norfolk, because of his youth. He presumably gained all of East Anglia over time.
DB Middlesex
, 9: 1 for Harold, son of Ralph. Appendix Two for the fate of Ralph’s earldom, and Williams, ‘King’s Nephew’, pp. 331–9 for an alternative view.