Healing Through Exercise: Scientifically Proven Ways to Prevent and Overcome Illness and Lengthen Your Life (26 page)

11
Shari Roan, “To Keep the Brain Sharp, Hone the Body,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 6, 2006.

12
Norbert-Ullrich Neumann and Karel Frasch: “Prävention und Therapie demenzieller Erkrankungen mittels körperlicher Akivität,”
Krankenhauspsychiatrie
17 (2006): 155-159.

13
Robert Abbott and others, “Walking and Dementia in Physically Capable Elderly Men,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
292 (2004): 1447-1453.

14
Suvi Rovio and others, “Leisure-Time Physical Activity at Midlife and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease,”
Lancet Neurology
4 (2005): 705-711.

15
Stanley Colcombe and others, “Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume in Aging Humans,”
Journal of Gerontology
61A (2006): 1166-1170.

16
Ibid.

CHAPTER 11: A FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH IN THE BRAIN

1
Personal communication. Jeffrey Macklis granted me an interview on March 30, 2006, in his lab at Massachusetts General Hospital, originally reported in
Der Spiegel
magazine number 20 (2006).

2
Elkhonon Goldberg granted me an interview on March 22, 2006, in Manhattan for my reporting in
Der Spiegel
magazine number 20 (2006). His book
The Wisdom Paradox
was published in the United States and the United Kingdom.

3
Gerd Kempermann,
Adult Neurogenesis
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

4
Ana Pereira and others, “An In Vivo Correlate of Exercise-Induced Neurogenesis in the Adult Dentate Gyrus,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
104 (2007): 5638- 5643.

5
Henriette van Praag, Gerd Kempermann, and Fred Gage, “Running Increases Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis in the Adult Mouse Dentate Gyrus,”
Nature Neuroscience
2 (1999): 266-270.

6
Henriette van Praag and others, “Exercise Enhances Learning and Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Aged Mice,”
The Journal of Neuroscience
25 (2005): 8680-8685.

7
Ibid.

8
Johannes Thome and Amelia Eisch, “Neuroneogenese,”
Der Nervenarzt
76 (2005): 11-19.

9
Michael Specter, “Rethinking the Brain,”
The New Yorker
, July 23, 2001.

10
Personal communication, March 2006.

11
Thome and Eisch, 11-19.

12
Jean Marx, “Preventing Alzheimer’s: A Lifelong Commitment?”
Science
309 (2005): 864-866.

13
Ibid.

14
Heather A. Lindstrom and others, “The Relationships Between Television Viewing in Midlife and the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease in a Case-Control Study,”
Brain and Cognition
58 (2005): 157-165.

15
Ibid.

16
Martin Lövdén and others, “Social Participation Attenuates Decline in Perceptual Speed in Old and Very Old Age,”
Psychology and Aging
20 (2005): 423-434.

CHAPTER 12: CANCER: A GROWING CASE FOR EXERCISE

1
Anne McTiernan and others, “Effect of a 12-Month Exercise Intervention on Patterns of Cellular Proliferation in Colonic Crypts: A Randomized Controlled Trial,”
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
15.9 (2006): 1588-1597.

2
Petra Lahmann and others, “Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Risk: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition,”
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
10.1158/doi: 1055-9965.EPI-06-0582, published online December 19, 2006.

3
Kim Westerlind, “Physical Activity and Cancer Prevention—Mechanisms,”
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
35 (2003): 1834-1840.

4
Anne McTiernan and others, “Relation of BMI and Physical Activity to Sex Hormones in Postmenopausal Women,”
Obesity
14 (2006): 1662-1677.

5
www.fhcrc.org/about/pubs/center_news/2006/oct19/art1.html
.

6
These proteins are called sex hormone binding globuline (SHBG).

7
Inger Gram, Ellen Funkhouser, and Laszlo Tabar, “Moderate Physical Activity in Relation to Mammographic Patterns,”
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
8 (1999): 117-122.

8
“Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators: Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
288 (2002): 321-333.

9
L. Hoffman-Goetz and others, “Effect of 17 Beta-Estradiol and Voluntary Exercise on Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Mice,”
Physiology & Behavior
74 (2001): 653-658.

10
Westerlind, 1834-1840.

11
Robert S. Mazzeo, “The Influence of Exercise and Aging on Immune Function,”
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
26.5 (1994): 586-592.

12
Westerlind, 1834-1840.

13
Andrew G. Renehan and others, “Body-Mass Index and Incidence of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies,”
The Lancet
371 (2008): 569-578.

14
Zhihong Gong and others, “Obesity, Diabetes, and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial,”
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
15 (2006): 1977-1983.

15
Thomas Hawighorst and Günter Emons, “Adipositas und Krebs,”
Der Gynäkologe
12 (2006): 975-980.

16
Eugenia E. Calle and others, “Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality from Cancer in a Prospectively Studied Cohort of U.S. Adults,”
New England Journal of Medicine
348 (2003): 1625-1638.

17
Kristin Campbell and Anne McTiernan, “Exercise and Biomarkers for Cancer Prevention Studies,”
The Journal of Nutrition
137 (2007): 161S-169S.

18
Hawighorst and Emons, 975-980.

19
Westerlind, 1834-1840.

20
Personal communication, Freerk Baumann, Institute for Rehabilitation at the German Sport University in Cologne, January 23, 2007.

21
Fernando Dimeo, “Welche Rolle Spielt körperliche Aktivität in der Prävention, Therapie und Rehabilitation von neoplastischen Erkrankungen?”
Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin
7/8 (2004): 177-182.

22
Anna Schwartz and others, “Exercise Reduces Daily Fatigue in Women with Breast Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy,”
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
33.5 (2001): 718-723; see also Anna Schwartz, “Exercise and Weight Gain in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy,”
Cancer Practice
8.5 (2000): 231-237.

23
Anna Schwartz:
Cancer Fitness: Exercise Programs for Patients and Survivors
(Riverside, N.J.: Simon & Schuster, 2004).

24
John Horn, “Like Lance, They Live and Ride Strong,”
Los Angeles Times
, October 3, 2005.

25
Margaret McNeely and others, “Effect of Exercise on Breast Cancer Patients and Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,”
Canadian Medical Association Journal
175.1 (2006): 34-41.

26
Tetsuya Ohira and others. “Effects of Weight Training on Quality of Life in Recent Breast Cancer Survivors. The Weight Training for Breast Cancer Survivors (WTBS) Study,”
Cancer
106 (2006): 2076-2083.

27
Press release of the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, July 17, 2006.

28
Freeke Baumann and others, “Auswirkungen von Bewegungstherapien bei und nach Knochenmark-/Stammzelltransplantation,”
Deutsche Zeitschrift für Onkologie
37.4 (2005): 152-158.

29
Jeffrey Meyerhardt and others, “Impact of Physical Activity on Cancer Recurrence and Survival in Patients with Stage III Colon Cancer: Findings from CALGB 89803,”
Journal of Clinical Oncology
24.22 (2006): 3535-3541.

30
Jeffrey Meyerhardt and others, “Physical Activity and Survival After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis,”
Journal of Clinical Oncology
24 (2006): 3527-3534.

31
Michelle Holmes and others, “Physical Activity and Survival after Breast Cancer Diagnosis,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
293.20 (2005): 2479-2486.

32
www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/herceptinCombination
2005.

33
Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, “Cancer Survival: Time to Get Moving? Data Accumulate Suggesting a Link Between Physical Activity and Cancer Survival,”
Journal of Clinical Oncology
24.22 (2006): 3517-3518.

CHAPTER 13: LONGEVITY, POTENCY, AND RESILIENCE

1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy
.

2
78.14 years in 2008 (estimated according to
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html
.

3
Steven Rosenberg, “Oh, the Things You Will See if You Live to Be 110,”
The Boston Globe
, February 16, 2006.

4
Jeremiah Barondess, “On the Preservation of Health,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
294 (2005): 3024-3026.

5
If humans are born to run, one might wonder why some runners have problems with their knees. Daniel Lieberman of Harvard University says that our forebears never ran on a hard surface such as concrete or asphalt. Furthermore, today’s runner wears shoes that actually weakens the muscles and joints, thus making them prone for wear and tear. Finally, our forebears were not obese. Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman, “Endurance Running and the Evolution of Homo,”
Nature
432 (2004): 345-352.

6
The Boston Globe
, March 23, 2007.

7
Urho M. Kujala and others, “Relationship of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Mortality,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
279 (1998): 440-444; reprint at
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/279/6/440.pdf
.

8
The genetic component for cardiovascular diseases is estimated to be 30 percent; Herbert Löllgen and Deborah Löllgen, “Körperliche Aktivität und Primärprävention,”
Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
129 (2004): 1055-1056; reprint at
www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/pdf/dmw/doi/10.1055/s-2004-824858.pdf
.

9
John Hoberman and Charles Yesalis, “The History of Synthetic Testosterone,”
Scientific American
, February 1995.

10
K. Sreekumaran Nair and others, “DHEA in Elderly Women and DHEA or Testosterone in Elderly Men,”
New England Journal of Medicine
355 (2006): 1647-1659.

11
Henry Feldman and others, “Age Trends in the Level of Serum Testosterone and Other Hormones in Middle-Aged Men: Longitudinal Results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study,”
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
87 (2002): 589-598.

12
Thomas Travison and others, “The Relative Contributions of Aging, Health, and Lifestyle Factors to Serum Testosterone Decline in Men,”
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
92 (2007): 549-555.

13
Michael Rauchenwald, “Körperliche Fitness beim alternden Mann,”
Blickpunkt Der Mann
1 (2003): 20-23.

14
Carol Derby and others, “Modifiable Risk Factors and Erectile Dysfunction: Can Lifestyle Changes Modify Risk?”
Urology
56 (2000): 302-306.

15
Ibid.

16
Katherine Esposito and others, “Effect of Lifestyle Changes on Erectile Dysfunction in Obese Men,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
291 (2004): 2978-2984.