Authors: Jörg Blech
Healing Through Exercise: Scientifically Proven Ways to Prevent and Overcome Illness and Lengthen Your Life (24 page)
11
Almut Schmid and others, 31-34.
12
Paul Corcoran, “Use It or Lose It—The Hazards of Bed Rest and Inactivity,”
Rehabilitation Medicine—Adding Life to Years
, Special Issue of
The Western Journal of Medicine
154 (1991): 536-538.
13
B. Saltin, G. Blomqvist, J. H. Mitchell, and others, “Response to Exercise After Bed Rest and After Training: A Longitudinal Study of Adaptive Changes in Oxygen Transport and Body Composition,”
Circulation
37/38, suppl. VII (1968): VII-1-VII-78.
14
B. K. Pedersen and B. Saltin, “Evidence for Prescribing Exercise as Therapy in Chronic Disease,”
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
16, suppl. 1 (2006): 3-63.
15
Saltin, Blomqvist, Mitchell, and others, VII-1-VII-78.
16
Walter Bortz, “The Disuse Syndrome,”
The Western Journal of Medicine
141 (1984): 691-694.
17
Angelika Zegelin, “Festgenagelt Sein—Der Prozess des Bettlägerigwerdens durch allmähliche Ortsfixierung,”
Pflege
18 (2005): 281-288.
18
Corcoran, 536-538.
19
Becker, 338-342.
20
Irwin Rosenberg granted me an interview in October 2005 when he actually read to me from his 1991 book, saying that its message is still valid and timely. See also William Evans and Irwin Rosenberg with Jacqueline Thompson,
Biomarkers—The 10 Keys to Prolonging Vitality
(New York: Fireside Books, 1991).
CHAPTER 3: UNEMPLOYED BODIES, NEW DISEASES
1
Hans Kraus and Wilhelm Raab,
Hypokinetic Disease—Disease Produced by Lack of Exercise
(Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1961).
2
H. Mellerowicz, “Bewegungsmangel-und seine Folgen,”
Zeitschrift für Öffentliches Gesundheitwesen
29.11 (1967): 512-519.
3
Ibid.
4
The figures refer to the year 2000.
www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/ publications/facts/pa/en/
.
5
William Haskell, “Sport, Bewegung und Gesundheit,”
Der Orthopäde
29 (2000): 930-935.
6
American Academy of Pediatrics, “Children, Adolescents, and Television,”
Pediatrics
107 (2001): 423-426.
7
Haskell, 930-935.
8
Frank Booth and Darrell Neufer, “Exercise Controls Gene Expression,”
American Scientist
(January 2005).
9
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/index.htm
; to calculate the BMI you divide your weight (in kilograms) by the square of your height (in meters). Alternatively you can divide your weight (in pounds) by the square of your height (in inches), then multiply with the factor 703.
10
Paul was one of the patients in the rehabilitation facility Insula for obese adolescents in Berchtesgaden, Bavaria.
Der Spiegel
51 (2000).
11
Peter Gluckman and Mark Hanson,
Mismatch—Why Our World No Longer Fits Our Bodies
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
12
The Boston Globe
, December 26, 2006.
13
S. Boyd Eaton and Stanley Eaton, “An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Physical Activity: Implications for Health,”
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology
136.1 (2003): 153-159.
CHAPTER 4: WALKING OFF DIABETES
1
Diabetes in Indigenous People Forum in Melbourne convened on November 12, 2006.
2
Spiegel Online
, November 13, 2006.
3
Manu Chakravarthy and Frank Booth, “Eating, Exercise, and ‘thrifty’ Genotypes: Connecting the Dots Toward an Evolutionary Understanding of Modern Chronic Diseases,”
Journal of Applied Physiology
96 (2004): 3-10.
4
S. Jay Olshansky and others, “A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the United States in the 21
st
Century,”
New England Journal of Medicine
352 (2007): 1138-1145.
5
Derrick Jackson, “Diabetes—The Silent Killer Among Us,”
The Boston Globe
, September 30, 2006.
6
Thea Shavlakadze and Miranda Grounds, “Of Bears, Frogs, Meat, Mice, and Men: Complexity of Factors Affecting Skeletal Muscle Mass and Fat,”
BioEssays
28 (2006): 994-1009.
7
Sally Squires, “Fat Cats, Poor Prognosis,”
The Washington Post
, September 12, 2006.
8
Frank Booth and Darrell Neufer, “Exercise Controls Gene Expression,”
American Scientist
(January 2005).
9
Not only in the United States and in Germany, but all over the world type 2 diabetes is rapidly spreading. In 1985 it is estimated there were 30 million patients worldwide. Now, the number appears to be 230 million, and for 2026 a number of 350 million is expected (unless action is taken). These figures surfaced at the 42nd annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes in Copenhagen, Denmark.
10
www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthe/files/05/50/22/f055022/public/Type2Diabetes.pdf.
11
Christian Roberts and James Barnard, “Effects of Exercise and Diet on Chronic Disease,”
Journal of Applied Physiology
98 (2005): 3-30.
12
Press release from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, February 6, 2002,
www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2002/hhs-06.htm
.
13
Javier Ibañez and others, “Twice-Weekly Progressive Resistance Training Decreases Abdominal Fat and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Older Men With Type 2 Diabetes,”
Diabetes Care
28 (2005): 662-667.
14
Clare Gillies and others, “Pharmacological and Lifestyle Interventions to Prevent or Delay Type 2 Diabetes in People with Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,”
British Medical Journal
, doi:10.1136/bmj.39063.689375.55 (published January 19, 2007).
15
Frank Hu and others, “Elevated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Prior to Clinical Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes,”
Diabetes Care
25 (2002): 1129-1134.
CHAPTER 5: MUSCLES AND METABOLISM
1
William Evans and Irwin Rosenberg with Jacqueline Thompson,
Biomarkers—The 10 Keys to Prolonging Vitality
(New York: Fireside Books, 1991).
2
Ibid.
3
Ibid.
4
Aloys Berg and others, “Mehr Bewegung für alle-Ansätze zur Veränderung von Lebensstil und Gesundheitsprofil,”
Kinder-und Jugendmedizin
4 (2004): 139-145.
5
Markus Schülke and others, “Myostatin Mutation Associated with Gross Muscle Hypertrophy in a Child,”
New England Journal of Medicine
350 (2004): 2682-2688.
6
Henriette Pilegaard and others, “Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle During Recovery from Exercise,”
American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism
279, issue 4 (2000): E806-E814.
7
Jouko Karjalainen and others, “Muscle Fiber-Type Distribution Predicts Weight Gain and Unfavorable Left Ventricular Geometry: A 19-Year Follow-Up Study.”
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
6 (2006): 2.
8
Personal communication. I interviewed Dr. Williams in September 2006 in Boston when he gave a talk at Harvard Medical School.
9
Evans and Rosenberg with Thompson.
10
Aloys Berg and others, “Gewichtskontrolle ist nicht nur FdH,”
MMW—Fortschritte der Medizin
27-28 (2004): 636-639.
11
John Todd and R. J. Robinson, “Osteoporosis and Exercise,”
Postgrad Medical Journal
79 (2003): 320-323.
12
Evans and Rosenberg with Thompson.
13
The definition of what is a cholesterol value too high should be met with skepticism because it was drafted by doctors with ties to the pharmaceutical industry. The threshold value for cholesterol was many times lowered in the Western countries, so that the majority of Americans and Europeans now have cholesterol values that are supposedly too high, including normal-weight people who exercise. See Jörg Blech,
Pushing Pills and Inventing Disease
(London: Routledge, 2006).
14
William Kraus and others, “Effects of the Amount and Intensity of Exercise on Plasma Lipoproteins,”
New England Journal of Medicine
347 (2002): 1438-1492.
15
Hans-Georg Predel, “Werden Sie Lebensstil-Manager!”
MMW—Fortschritte der Medizin
47 (2006): 29.
16
Evans and Rosenberg with Thompson.
CHAPTER 6: WHAT THE HEART DESIRES
1
Hans-Georg Predel and Walter Tokarski, “Einfluss Körperlicher Aktivität auf die Menschliche Gesundheit,”
Bundesgesundheitsblatt—Gesundheitsforschung—Gesundheitsschutz
48.8 (2005): 833-840.
2
Rainer Hambrecht, “Sport als Therapie (Physical Exercise as Treatment Strategy),”
Herz
, 29 (2004): 381-390.
4
B. K. Pedersen and B. Saltin, “Evidence for Prescribing Exercise as Therapy in Chronic Disease,”
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
16, suppl. 1 (2006): 3-63.
5
A. W. Gardner and E. T. Poehlman, “Exercise Rehabilitation Programs for the Treatment of Claudication Pain: A Meta-Analysis,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
274 (1995): 975-980.
6
Pedersen and Saltin, 3-63.
7
Rainer Hambrecht and others, “Effect of Exercise on Coronary Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease,”
New England Journal of Medicine
17 (2000): 342, 454-460.
8
Marianne Pynn and others, “Exercise Training Reduces Neointimal Growth and Stabilizes Vascular Lesions after Injury in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice,”
Circulation
109 (2004): 386-392.
9
Romualdo Belardinelli and others, “Effects of Moderate Exercise Training on Thalium Uptake and Contractile Response to Low-Dose Dobutamine of Dysfunctional Myocardium in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy,”
Circulation
97 (1998): 553-561.
10
Volker Adams and others, “Increase of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease After Exercise-Induced Ischemia,”
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
24 (2004): 684-690.
11
Marcus Sandri and others, “Effects of Exercise and Ischemia on Mobilization and Functional Activation of Blood-Derived Progenitor Cells in Patients with Ischemic Syndromes: Results of 3 Randomized Studies,”
Circulation
111 (2005): 3391-3399. Published online before print June 13, 2005, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104 .527135
12
Personal communication, Rainer Hambrecht. He was at the university hospital in Leipzig and took up a new position in Bremen in June 2006.
13
Sandri and others, 3391-3399.
14
Rainer Hambrecht and others, “Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty Compared with Exercise Training in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized Trial,”
Circulation
109 (2004): 1371-1378.
15
The costs refer to the improvement by one so-called CCS unit (CCS is for Canadian Cardiovascular Society).
16
Rainer Hambrecht, “Vom Sessel auf das Laufband!”
MMW—Fortschritte der Medizin
35-36 (2005): 735/26-738/29.
17
MMW—Fortschritte der Medizin
48 (2006): 16.
18
The enzymes are superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. See Axel Linke and others, “Antioxidative Effects of Exercise Training in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure,”
Circulation
111 (2005): 1763-1770.
